Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2015 Resonating Personality Types for Couples: An Enneagram Application for Predicting Marital Satisfaction Douglas George Carpenter Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Douglas Carpenter has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Michael Johnson, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Chris Kladopoulos, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Michael Christopher, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2015 Abstract Resonating Personality Types for Couples: An Enneagram Application for Predicting Marital Satisfaction by Douglas George Carpenter MS, Capella University, 2010 BS, American College of Computer and Information Science, 1994 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University October 2015 Abstract Over 50% of marriages in the United States end in divorce. Researchers have attempted to identify factors that help marriages endure by studying personality, attachment styles, and gender. However, few researchers have examined how dyadic interactions of personality types and attachment types influence marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of enneagram personality types on marital satisfaction within 3 groups of attachment types: couples who (a) both demonstrate a secure attachment style, (b) contain one member who demonstrates an insecure attachment style and the other who demonstrates a secure attachment style, and (c) both demonstrate an insecure attachment style. Grounded in attachment theory, interpersonal theory, and the enneagram, complementary personality types should relate to greater global marital satisfaction, independent from attachment style. This cross-sectional study used the Riso- Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator, the Satisfaction With Married Life Scale, and the Revised Adult Attachment Scale to collect data from 324 married couples. A factorial ANOVA indicated that couples having one or both partners who exhibit a secure attachment style have significantly greater global marital satisfaction scores than if both partners have an insecure attachment style. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in global marital satisfaction scores among couples who exhibit any enneagram personality type. Additionally, the interaction effect of enneagram personality types and attachment types were not statistically significant for global marital satisfaction. Therapists can integrate these results with their current model of treatment when working with couples toward forming an earned secure attachment, thereby, improving the effectiveness of couple therapy which may create systemic social change. Resonating Personality Types for Couples: An Enneagram Application for Predicting Marital Satisfaction by Douglas George Carpenter MS, Capella University, 2010 BS, American College of Computer and Information Science, 1994 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University October 2015 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to all of society and to individuals who are in an intimate couple relationship, as well as those who want to be able to be in a long term married relationship. Acknowledgments I am thankful to the members of my family, friends, and my doctoral committee members. Each of you has provided a great amount of support and valuable impact, which has added to the successful completion of this project. To my loving magnanimous wife, Shawnmarie, I am indebted to you for your enormous energy and sacrifice you have made for me. Without your selfless belief in my abilities, I would never have overcome adversity and obtained my long desired doctoral degree. Thank you the most. To my beautiful daughter, K’hala, and most recently my son-in-law, Mark, I am thankful for you, for you are truly a special blessing. I also appreciate the support and sacrifice you both have made through these years. You have provided the necessary effort in replacing my needed responsibilities in my absence. Thank you for being a part of this journey. To my friend and colleague, Timothy Ewest, I am grateful for your inspiration and self- affirming presence. Without being changed through experiencing your uncommon faith I am not sure that I would have believed that this project was worth the risk and effort. Thank you my friend. To my doctoral committee members, Dr. Michael Johnson, Dr. Chris Kladopoulos, and Dr. Michael Christopher, I am appreciative for all of the work done by each of you. Each of you have contributed a great amount of time and energy toward this dissertation. For this I am very appreciative. Thank you all. I would also like to thank Walden University for their support. Because of their program designed for working professionals, I was able to attend their graduate program from Alaska, where a doctoral program was unavailable. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ............................................................................................... 1 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................. 1 Background and Definitions ............................................................................................... 3 Attachment and Marital Satisfaction ...................................................................... 3 Personality and Marital Satisfaction ....................................................................... 5 The Enneagram ....................................................................................................... 6 Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................... 11 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................... 12 Nature of the Study ........................................................................................................... 12 Research Question and Hypotheses .................................................................................. 13 Research Question 1 ............................................................................................. 13 Research Question 2 ............................................................................................. 14 Research Question 3 ............................................................................................. 14 Assumptions ...................................................................................................................... 15 Scope and Delimitations ................................................................................................... 15 Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 15 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................. 16 Social Implication ............................................................................................................. 17 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 19 i Marital Satisfaction ........................................................................................................... 19 Brief History of Marital Satisfaction .................................................................... 20 Definition of Marital Satisfaction ......................................................................... 21 Change of Marital Satisfaction ............................................................................. 22 Dyadic Coping from Stress ................................................................................... 24 Gender and Marital Satisfaction ........................................................................... 25 The Enneagram ................................................................................................................. 27 Brief History of the Enneagram ............................................................................ 27 The Dialectic of Human Development