THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO EVIDENTIALITY IN UZBEK AND KAZAKH A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS BY CHRISTOPHER A STRAUGHN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Christopher A Straughn All Rights Reserved ii Insert Dedication Here iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ x ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... xi NOTES ON ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONOLOGY.................................................... xii Uzbek ............................................................................................................................ xii Kazakh .......................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF GLOSSING CONVENTIONS......................................................................... xiv PREFACE........................................................................................................................... 1 0.1 General Considerations....................................................................................... 1 0.2 Methodology and Conventions........................................................................... 2 0.2.1 Data Sources ................................................................................................... 2 0.2.2 Glossing Conventions..................................................................................... 4 0.3 Notes on Terminology ........................................................................................ 5 0.4 Outline ................................................................................................................ 9 1 EVIDENTIALITY: HISTORIC, AREAL, AND GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS ... 12 1.1 A History of the Study of Evidentiality............................................................ 13 1.1.1 Early Accounts of Evidentiality.................................................................... 13 1.1.2 Evidentiality and Verbal Categories ............................................................. 14 1.2 Evidentiality as an Areal Feature...................................................................... 21 1.2.1 The Role of Turkic in the Evidentiality Belt ................................................ 27 1.2.2 Uzbek and Kazakh: Areal Importance.......................................................... 33 2 PREDICATION IN UZBEK AND KAZAKH............................................................. 39 2.1 Agreement Markers .......................................................................................... 40 iv 2.2 Predication and Lexical Categories .................................................................. 41 2.2.1 Nouns and Adjectives ................................................................................... 42 2.2.2 Pronouns ....................................................................................................... 44 2.2.3 Existentials and Deontics.............................................................................. 45 2.3 Verbal Predication ............................................................................................ 46 2.3.1 Finite Verbal Morphology ............................................................................ 47 2.3.2 Non-Finite Verbal Morphology .................................................................... 49 2.4 Copular Predication .......................................................................................... 54 2.5 Forms Relevant to Evidentiality ....................................................................... 58 3 THE PAST AND CONFIRMATIVITY....................................................................... 61 3.1 Confirmativity in the Past and the Perfect ........................................................ 63 3.2 The Non-Confirmative Converbial Past ........................................................... 77 3.3 The Copular Past............................................................................................... 82 3.4 The Development of Past Forms ..................................................................... 86 4 EVIDENTIAL MEANINGS OF EKAN/EKEN............................................................ 89 4.1 Use and Meaning of Ekan/Eken........................................................................ 90 4.1.1 Ekan/Eken in Declarative Contexts .............................................................. 91 4.1.2 Morphosyntactic Properties of Ekan/Eken in Declarative Clauses .............. 96 4.1.3 Ekan/Eken in Interrogative Contexts .......................................................... 100 4.1.4 Morphosyntactic Properties of Ekan/Eken in Interrogative Clauses .......... 103 4.1.5 On the Modern Reflexes of *er-miš ........................................................... 107 4.1.5.1 On emish in Uzbek.............................................................................. 108 4.1.5.2 On –mIs in Kazakh ............................................................................. 110 v 4.2 Ekan/Eken and Temporal Reference............................................................... 113 4.3 Ekan/Eken and Verbal Categories .................................................................. 119 5 EKAN/EKEN AND THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTIVITY...................................... 127 5.1 Emotivity, Speech Act, and Sentence Type.................................................... 128 5.1.1 Admirativity: Emotivity and Non-Confirmativity...................................... 132 5.1.2 Formal Properties of Admiratives............................................................... 134 5.1.3 Admiratives, Exclamatives, and Emotivity ................................................ 136 5.2 Rhetorical Questions: Speaker-Oriented Interrogatives ................................. 142 5.3 Emotivity, Evidentiality, and Confirmativity ................................................. 147 6 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 155 6.1 Evidentiality in Uzbek and Kazakh: A Summary........................................... 155 6.1.1 Major Findings................................................................................................ 155 6.1.2 Differences between Uzbek and Kazakh .................................................... 161 6.2 Implications .................................................................................................... 164 6.2.1 Implications for Related Languages ........................................................... 164 6.2.1.1 Kyrgyz ................................................................................................ 165 6.2.1.2 Uyghur ................................................................................................ 166 6.2.1.3 Turkmen.............................................................................................. 167 6.2.1.4 Tajik.................................................................................................... 169 6.2.1.5 Other Central Asian and Turkic Languages ....................................... 171 6.2.2 Theoretical Implications ............................................................................. 172 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 176 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The Eurasian Evidentiality Belt ........................................................................ 26 Figure 2: Neighbor-Adjoining Tree of the Turkic Languages.......................................... 32 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The Uzbek Latin Alphabet ................................................................................. xii Table 2: Kazakh Transliteration System.......................................................................... xiii Table 3: Kazakh Archiphonemes..................................................................................... xiii Table 4: Jakobson's Verbal Categories ............................................................................. 39 Table 5: Aronson's Verbal Categories .............................................................................. 39 Table 6: Aikhenvald's Typology of 2-Term Systems ....................................................... 39 Table 7: Past and Perfect in Balkan Languages................................................................ 39 Table 8: Classifcation of Turkic Languages by Features ................................................. 39 Table 9: Confirmativity in Bulgarian and Tajik ............................................................... 39 Table 10 - Uzbek Possessive Agreement and Possession Markers .................................. 40 Table 11 - Kazakh Possessive Agreement and Possession Markers ................................ 40 Table 12 - Uzbek Pronominal Agreement Markers and Pronouns................................... 41 Table 13 - Kazakh Pronominal Agreement Markers and Pronouns ................................. 41 Table 14 - Converbial Agreement Markers .....................................................................