Notes 1 DYNASTIES AND THE GEOPOLITICS OF EMPIRE: THE ERVANDUNI AND THE ARTASHESIAN DYNASTIES 1. L.W. King and R.C. Thompson, The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia (London: Harrison and Sons, 1907), p. xxxviii; P.M. Sykes, A History of Persia (London: Macmillan, 1915), pp. 169–73. 2. King and Thompson, Sculptures, pp. 27–28, 31–32. 3. Igor M. Diakonoff, Pre-History of the Armenian People, trans. Lori Jennings (Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1984), pp. 6–7, 19–21, 58–67; the quote appears on page 65. 4. S.T. Eremyan, “Hayasa-Azzii teghvoroshume, etnikakan kazme ev lezun” [The Location of Hayasa-Azzi, Its Ethnic Composition and Language], in Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun [History of the Armenian People], ed. Ts.P. Aghayan et al. (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1971), vol. 1, p. 191. 5. Boris B. Piotrovski, Urartu: The Kingdom of Van, trans. and ed. Peter S. Gelling (London: Evelyn Adams and Mackay, 1967); N.V. Arutyunyan, Biainili (Urartu) (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1970). 6. Adam T. Smith and Karen S. Rubinson, eds., Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003), esp. chapter by Ruben S. Badalyan, Adam T. Smith, and Pavel S. Avetisyan, “The Emergence of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Caucasia”; S.T. Eremyan, “Hay zhoghovrdi kazmavorman avarte ev Haykakan arajin petakan kazmavorumnere” [The Completion of the Formation of the Armenian People and the Formations of the First Armenian State], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, p. 440. 7. Robert H. Hewsen, “The Geography of Armenia,” in The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. 1: The Dynastic Periods, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), pp. 1–17. 8. Hakob A. Manandyan, The Trade and Cities of Armenia in Relation to the Ancient World, 2nd rev. ed., trans. Nina G. Garsoian (Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1965). 9. Artak E. Movsisyan, Vani tagavorutyan (Biaynili, Urartu, Ararat) mehenagrutyune (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1998); N.V. Harutyunyan, “Urartun arajavor Asiayi hzoraguyn petutyun” [Urartu as the Strongest Government in Asia], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, pp. 300–1. 230 Notes 10. Boris B. Piotrovski, The Ancient Civilization of Urartu, trans. James Hogarth (London: Cresset Press, 1969). 11. J.P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans (London: Thames and Hudson, 1989). 12. Boris B. Piotrovski, “Arvest, kron, gir, grakanutyun” [Profession, Religion, Letters, Literature], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, pp. 407–13, 415–19. 13. Harutyunyan, “Urartun arajavor Asiayi,” p. 304. 14. N.V. Harutyunyan, “Urartui sotsial-tntesakan karge, petakan karutsvatske ev kaghaknere: Sotsial-tntesakan karge” [The Social-Economic Order in Urartu, the State Structure and the Cities: The Social-Economic Order], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, pp. 338–39. 15. Ibid., pp. 340–42. 16. N.V. Harutyunyan, “Urartui sotsial-tntesakan karge, petakan karutsvatske ev kaghaknere: petakan karutsvatske” [The Social-Economic Order in Urartu, the State Structure and the Cities: The State Structure], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, pp. 344–46. 17. N.V. Harutyunyan, “Urartun m.t.a. viii dari verjin ev vii darum” [Urartu in the Late Eighth Century and in the Seventh Century B.C.], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, pp. 332–37. 18. Robert Collins, The Medes and Persians, Conquerors and Diplomats (London: Cassell, 1974); Nina Garsoian, “The Emergence of Armenia,” in Hovannisian, Armenian People, vol. 1, p. 38. 19. Eremyan, “Hay zhoghovrdi kazmavorman avarte,” p. 443. 20. Ibid., pp. 423–24, 439; Diakonoff, Pre-History, passim. 21. David M. Lang, “Iran, Armenia and Georgia,” in The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, pt. 1, The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 506–7; Cyril Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1963), pp. 277–354. 22. Xenophon, Anabasis, with Eng. trans. Carleton L. Brownson (Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1992; first published 1922), II.iv.8; III.iv.13. 23. Lang, “Iran,” pp. 506–7. 24. G.A. Tiratsyan, “Haykakan mshakuyte vi-iv darerum” [The Armenian Culture in the Sixth-Fourth Centuries (B.C.)], and “Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum” [Armenia during the Early Period of Hellenism], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, pp. 464–78, 504, 529. 25. Eremyan, “Hay zhoghovrdi kazmavorman avarte,” pp. 437–38. 26. Andrew Robert Burn, Persia and the Greeks: The Defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C. (London: E. Arnold, 1962, repr. 1970). 27. Sykes, History, pp. 171–72. 28. G.A. Tiratsyan, “Hayastane Akemenyan Parskastani tirapetutyan nerko” [Armenia under Achaemenian Persian Rule], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, pp. 448–50, 454; Tiratsyan, “Haykakan mshakuyte vi-iv darerum,” p. 471. 29. Tiratsyan, “Hayastane Akemenyan,” pp. 452, 455; Garsoian, “Emergence of Armenia,” pp. 40, 41; Sykes, History, pp. 173–74. 30. Garsoian, “Emergence of Armenia,” p. 41; Lang, “Iran,” pp. 508–9; Sykes, History, pp. 173–74. Notes 231 31. Manandyan, Trade, p. 21; Garsoian, “Emergence of Armenia,” p. 41. 32. Tiratsyan, “Hayastane Akemenyan,” pp. 446–50. 33. Richard N. Frye, “Continuing Iranian Influences on Armenian,” in Ycd- Ncme-ye Ircnd-ye Minorsky, ed. Mujtabá Mdnovd and Draj Afshcr (Tehran: Tehran University, 1969), pp. 80–89; A. Meillet, “De l’influence parthe sur le langue arménienne,” Revue des études arméniennes 1 (Paris, 1920): 9; Robert Bedrosian, Armenia in Ancient and Medieval Times (New York: Armenian National Education Committee, 1985), p. 23; Garsoian, “Emergence of Armenia,” p. 42. 34. James Russell, “The Formation of the Armenian Nation,” in Hovannisian, Armenian People, vol. 1, p. 24. 35. Manandyan, Trade, p. 44; Hakob Manandyan, Knnakan tesutyun Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyan [Critical Review of the History of the Armenian People] (Erevan: Haibedhrad, 1944), vol. 1, pp. 92–93; S.M. Krkyasharyan, “Ervanduni arkaya- tohme Hayastanum” [The Ervanduni Dynasty in Armenia], Patma-banasirakan handes 4:1 (1973): 179–85. 36. Edouard Will, Histoire politique du monde hellénistique, 2 vols. (Nancy: University of Nancy, 1966–67); Tiratsyan, “Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum,” p. 502; Manandyan, Trade, pp. 34, 40, 53; Manandyan, Knnakan tesutyun, p. 97. 37. See Russell, “Formation,” p. 36; Toumanoff, Studies, pp. 293–94. See also Zh.G. Elchibekyan, “Ervandunineri tsagman hartsi shurj” [On the Question Concerning the Origins of the Ervandunis], Patma-banasirakan handes 53:2 (1971): 107–13. 38. G.A. Tiratsyan, “Ervandyan Hayastani taratske (m.t.a. vi dar)” [The Expanse of the Ervanduni Armenia (Sixth Century B.C.)], Patma-banasirakan handes 91:4 (1980): 92; Tiratsyan, “Ervandyan Hayastani taratske (m.t.a. vi d. verj-m.t.a. iii d. verj)” [The Expanse of the Ervanduni Armenia (Late Sixth Century B.C.-Late Third Century B.C.)], Patma-banasirakan handes 93:2 (1981): 68–84. 39. Tiratsyan, “Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum,” p. 519; S.M. Krkyasharyan, “Petakan aparati kazmavorume ev nra hetaga zargats- man pule hin Hayastanum” [The Formation of State Apparatus and Its Future Development Phase in Ancient Armenia], Patma-banasirakan handes 1–2 (1994): 225–37; Rafael Matevosyan, Bagratuniner: Patma-tohmabanakan hanragitaran [Bagratunis: Historic-Genealogical Encyclopedia] (Erevan: Anahit, 1997), p. 98. 40. Manandyan, Trade, p. 37; E. Bickerman, “The Seleucid Period,” in Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 3–20. 41. Tiratsyan, “Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum,” pp. 514–15. 42. S.T. Eremyan, “Haykakan arajin petakan kazmavorume” [The Formation of the First Armenian State], Patma-banasirakan handes 3 (1968): 91–119. 43. Tiratsyan, “Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum,” p. 517; B.N. Arakelyan, “Vortegh en gtnvel Ervandashat ev Ervandakert kaghaknere?” [Where were the Cities of Ervandashat and Ervandakert Located?], Patma- banasirakan handes 30 (1965): 83–93. 44. Manandyan, Trade, pp. 36–38; Tiratsyan, “Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum,” pp. 514, 519; Arakelyan, “Vortegh en gtnvel?” p. 84. 45. Manandyan, Trade, pp. 42–43. 46. Tiratsyan, “Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum,” pp. 515, 520; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 11–12. 232 Notes 47. Tiratsyan, “Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum,” p. 516; G.Kh. Sargsyan, “Hayastani miyavorume ev hzoratsume Artashes A[rajin]i orov” [The Unification and Strengthening of Armenia during the Reign of Artashes I], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, p. 522; Lang, “Iran,” pp. 510, 512. 48. Sargsyan, “Hayastani miyavorume,” pp. 524–25; Sykes, History, pp. 345–46; Lang, “Iran,” pp. 512–13; A.D.H. Bivar, “The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids,” in Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 28–29. 49. G.Kh. Sargsyan, “Hayastani petakan karge hellenistakan darashrjanum: Kedronakan ishkhanutyune” [The State Order of Armenia during the Period of Hellenism: The Central Government], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, pp. 669–70, 672. 50. Sargsyan, “Hayastani miyavorume,” pp. 537–38; Sargsyan, “Kedronakan ishkhanutyune,” pp. 671, 673. 51. Sargsyan, “Kedronakan ishkhanutyune,” pp. 673, 674; Sargsyan, “Petakan karutsvatski tarrer” [Elements of State Structure], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 1, p. 679. 52. G.Kh. Sargsyan, “Hayastani