CARBON MASSFLOW OF THAI NATIVE CHICKEN RAISING AND NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) FARMS TO DEVELOP CARBON FOOTPRINTS : A CASE STUDY IN NAKHON RATCHASIMA PROVINCE Natthakittiya Paiboon A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Biology Suranaree University of Technology Academic Year 2017 การถ่ายเทมวลคาร์บอนของการเลี้ยงไก่พื้นเมืองและการท าฟาร์มปลานิล เพื่อพัฒนาค่าคาร์บอนฟุตพรินท์ : กรณีศึกษาจังหวัดนครราชสีมา นางสาวณัฏฐกิตติยา ไพบูลย์ วิทยานิพนธ์นี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตรปริญญาวิทยาศาสตรดุษฎีบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาชีววิทยาสิ่งแวดล้อม มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสุรนารี ปีการศึกษา 2560 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my thesis advisor, Asst. Prof. Dr. Nathawut Thanee and my co-advisor Dr. Prayong Keeratiurai for their invaluable helps, encouragement and valuable discussion throughout this period of the study and thesis. I am grateful to the other members of my examining committee, Asst. Prof. Dr. Duangkamol Maensiri, as the Chairperson. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Napat Noinumsai, Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwit Jitpakdee and Asst. Prof. Dr. Rachadaporn Banchawathananon, for the members and their warm encouragement and suggestion of the thesis. I wish to thank Suranaree University of Technology for generous providing the laboratory instruments and facilities. Moreover, I would like to thank Suranaree University of technology and National Research Council of Thailand for supporting the grant to my study and this research. Finally, I most gratefully acknowledge to my family, cousins and friends for their encouragement and support me throughout my studies. Natthakittiya Paiboon VI CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT IN THAI ................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH ........................................................................................ III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... V CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. XVI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 The subject relevance .................................................................................. 1 1.2 The research objectives ............................................................................... 5 1.3 The scope and limitation of the study ......................................................... 6 II LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 9 2.1 Background problem ................................................................................... 9 2.2 Ecosystems and system relationship ......................................................... 12 2.3 Carbon cycle in ecosystems ...................................................................... 12 2.4 Animal production and pollution .............................................................. 15 2.4.1 Animal production and environment interaction ............................ 15 2.4.2 Nutrient balance .............................................................................. 17 VII CONTENTS (Continued) Page 2.4.3 Increasing intensification ................................................................ 18 2.4.4 Waste product ................................................................................. 19 2.4.5 Processing and slaughterhouse wastes ............................................ 21 2.5 Changed pressures on the livestock and fishery sector ............................. 22 2.5.1 Changed functions and/or species ................................................... 22 2.5.2 Geographical shifts ......................................................................... 23 2.5.3 Structural and technological shifts .................................................. 23 2.6 Environmental impacts from livestock production ................................... 23 2.6.1 Overgrazing and degradation of grazing lands ............................... 24 2.6.2 Deforestation ................................................................................... 24 2.6.3 Wildlife and livestock interactions ................................................. 24 2.6.4 Upsetting the balance between crops and livestock ........................ 25 2.6.5 Soil and water pollution .................................................................. 25 2.6.6 Climate change ............................................................................... 25 2.6.7 Nutrient imbalances ........................................................................ 25 2.6.8 Reduction of domestic animal diversity ......................................... 26 2.6.9 Disease transmission ....................................................................... 26 2.7 Development options ................................................................................ 26 2.8 Concepts and related researches ............................................................... 27 2.8.1 Carbon massflow concepts ............................................................. 27 VIII CONTENTS (Continued) Page 2.8.2 The impact of animal production on environment and carbon change ................................................................................. 29 2.8.3 Cost of carbon and greenhouse gases sources ................................ 30 III MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... 32 3.1 Selected areas and selected animals .......................................................... 32 3.2 Work procedures ....................................................................................... 36 3.3 Data analyse .............................................................................................. 38 3.3.1 The analysis for Thai native chicken .............................................. 39 3.3.2 The analysis for Nile tilapia ............................................................ 40 3.4 Statistical analyses ..................................................................................... 40 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................... 41 Part I Thai native chicken .............................................................................. 41 4.1 Rate of carbon massflow in Thai native chicken production .................... 41 4.1.1 Carbon input, carbon fixation and carbon emission in Thai native chicken ......................................................................... 41 4.1.2 Carbon fixation and carbon emission in Thai native chicken production in selected districts of Nakhon Ratchasima province .......................................................................................... 54 4.2 Carbon emission from energy use in meat and egg productions ............... 59 4.3 Relationship between carbon content in Thai native chicken feed, meat, egg and faeces, and chicken production .......................................... 62 IX CONTENTS (Continued) Page Part II Nile tilapia ........................................................................................... 66 4.4 Rate of carbon massflow in fishery farming system ................................. 66 4.4.1 Carbon input, carbon fixation, and carbon emission from Nile tilapia in selected districts of Nakhon Ratchasima province .......................................................................................... 66 4.4.2 Carbon transfer of selected districts of Nakhon Ratchasima province .......................................................................................... 75 4.5 Amount of carbon emission from energy use in Nile tilapia farm, hatchery and market .................................................................................. 81 4.6 Carbon content in fish feed, meat and faeces including analysis of environmental impacts from Nile tilapia production ................................ 84 4.7 Environmental impacts, perception and adoption of alternative systems ...................................................................................................... 88 V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ 90 5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 90 Part I Thai native chicken .................................................................................. 90 Part II Nile tilapia .............................................................................................. 91 5.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................... 92 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 94 X CONTENTS (Continued) Page APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX A THE MULTIPLIER OF CARBON EMISSIONS FROM THE USE OF ELECTRICITY,