Special review study on categorisation Clause 7(2) of Commission Regulation (EU) No. 814/2013 with regard to ecodesign requirements for water heaters and hot water storage tanks FINAL REPORT Prepared by VHK for the European Commission 11 July 2016 Prepared by Study team and contract manager: Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. (VHK), The Netherlands Authors: René Kemna, Martijn van Elburg (both VHK) Study team contact: René Kemna ([email protected]) Project website: www.ia-wh-art7.eu implements Framework Contract ENER/C3/2012-418-LOT 2 Specific contract no. ENER/C3/2-12-418-LOT2/09-2015-543/SI2.714965 Contract date 30.10.2015 (latest signature) Consortium: VHK, VITO, VM, Wuppertal Institute, ARMINES Cover: Water heater tank with coil and electric booster [picture VHK 2016]. This study was ordered and paid for by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. This report has been prepared by the authors to the best of their ability and knowledge. The authors do not assume liability for any damage, material or immaterial, that may arise from the use of the report or the information contained therein. © European Union, July 2016. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). 2 Acronyms, units and symbols Acronyms ..conv 'conventional', meaning not-condensing 'electronic' water temperature control (in combination with EIWH or ..e GIWH) 'hydraulic' water temperature control (in combination with EIWH or ..h GIWH) ..HP Heat pump assisted water heater (suffix) ..SOL Solar-assisted water heater (suffix) ..SOL x.xm2 solar thermal water heater system of x.x m2 ..stor Storage water heater (often combined with 'COMBI') kW heating power and indicative efficiency, in combination with ASHP or ..xxkW/xxCOP GSHP ..xxL heated water storage volume in litre ASHP electric Air Source Heat Pump a annum (year) avg. average BAT Best Available Technology BAU, BaU Business-as-Usual (baseline without measures) BC, BaseCase the average appliance on the market (per category) Break-Even Point (not to confuse with bep, best efficiency point, in BEP reports and regulations for other Ecodesign products) BI Built-In BNAT Best Not yet Available Technology Cat. Category CECED European Committee of Domestic Equipment Manufacturers CEN European Committee for Standardization CLC, Cenelec European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization COMBI Combination Water and Space Heating Water Heater COP Coefficient of Performance DG Directorate-General (of the EC) DHW Domestic Hot Water EC European Commission EIA Ecodesign Impact Accounting (Study for the EC, 2014) EIWH Electric Instantaneous (flow-through) Water Heater EN European Norm EoL End-of-Life ESWH Electric Storage Water Heater eq Suffix, means 'equivalent' EU European Union GHG Greenhouse Gases GIWH Gas- or oil-fired Instantaneous Water Heater GSHP electric Ground Source Heat Pump (water/brine-to-water) GSWH Gas- or oil-fired Storage Water Heater GWP Global Warming Potential, in Mt CO2 equivalent ICSMS Information and Communication System on Market Surveillance IEC International Electro-technical Committee ISO International Standardisation Organisation LCC Life Cycle Costs, in euros LLCC (design option with) Least Life Cycle Costs MEErP Methodology for Ecodesign of Energy-related products MEPS Minimum Efficiency Performance Standard msp manufacturer selling price NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPV Net Present Value PWF Present Worth Factor R Rate, in euro per physical unit (followed by specific suffix) 3 SHW Sanitary Hot Water (synonymous to DHW) SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprise SPB Simple Payback period, in years TC Technical Committee (in ISO, CEN, etc.) TR Technical Report VAT Value Added Tax VHK Van Holsteijn en Kemna, NL (author) WEEE Waste of electrical and electronic equipment (directive) WG Working Group (of a TC) yr annum (year) Units Peta-, Tera-, Giga-, Mega-, kilo-, deci-, centi-, milli-, micro-, nano- : P-,T-,G-, M-,k-, d-, parameter prefixes to indicate 10^15, 10^12, 10^9, 10^6, 10^3, 10^-1, c-, m-, μ-, n- 10^-2, 10^-3, 10^-6 CO2, CO2 Carbon dioxide (reference for GWP) J Joule, SI-unit of energy g gramme, SI-unit of weight h hour, unit of time (3600 s) kW kilo Watt, 103 W L, ltr litres (volume in m³) m meter, SI-unit of length m² square meter, unit of surface m³ meter cube, unit of volume Mt MegaTonne (10^6 metric tonnes, 10^9 kg) s second, SI-unit of time t metric tonne TWh Tera Watt hour 1012 Wh W Watt, SI-unit of power (1 W= 1 J/s) Wh Watt-hour, unit of energy (1 Wh=3600 J) Symbol Parameter (generic) A Surface, in m² AE, AEC Annual Energy consumption, in kwh/a N Number (e.g. of cycles) P Power, in W Q Energy, in kWh t Time, in hours (or seconds) T Temperature, in °C or K U Specific heat loss coefficient, e.g. in W/K, W/m.K, W/m²K V Volume, in litre (dm³) η Efficiency 4 Glossary Tapping patterns Tapping patterns in litres 60° hotwater/day (peak) Ecodesign energy efficiency limits depend on the capacity of the water heater. The capacity is expressed in ‘tapping patterns’. A pattern 1605 is defined in terms of time, temperature and energy-content of hot water draw-offs in typical situations. A pattern relates to peak usage (e.g. in weekends); the average usage will be 40% lower. The graph relates to litres of 60° C water (at cold water of 10°C). For 803 showering at 40°C the capacity, in litres, would be 66% higher. Special provisions apply to ‘off-peak’ and ‘smart’ appliances. 420 328 201 Today, Ecodesign limits are ‘technology- 100 neutral’, i.e. they do not depend on the 6 36 36 36 technology that is used to produce the hot water and only look at the energy used, this includes e.g. the energy to make electricity. Hereafter some of the technologies are explained. EIWH Electric Instantaneous Water Heaters use an electric resistance element to heat up the water at the instant that it is needed, i.e. when the user is tapping hot water. They are compact, don’t have storage energy losses but often require high electric power input (in kW) that is available to households in only limited parts of the EU. They are used predominantly in single-point applications such as under sinks, washbasins or in showers. Maximum tapping patterns are M or –usually-- lower. The traditional EIWH is 230 ‘hydraulic’; a sophisticated ‘electronic’ EIWH V has more control over water temperature and is more efficient. ESWH EIWH Electric Storage Water Heaters use an electric resistance element to heat water in an insulated storage tank. They have a modest electric power input (1.5-3 kW), can be used anywhere in the EU, may have tanks as small as 5 litres or even bigger than 500 litres where they keep water at temperatures of 60-80°C. Despite the insulation the hot water in the tank cools down and must be periodically reheated to keep it hot. These storage losses can be lower when the ESWH 230 does not reheat in periods where there are no V hot water draw-offs. ESWHs that have this option, with advanced electronics, are called ESWH ‘smart’ and have a different efficiency limit than standard ESWHs. GIWH Gas-fired Instantaneous Water Heaters have a gas burner that heats up sanitary water that runs through a coil when the user is drawing off hot water. Like the EIWHs they are compact, don’t have storage losses and are used mainly as single point devices for the kitchen sink or bathroom. The gas-grid has no power limits and, with an appropriate design, GIWHs can deal with most tapping patterns and can be used anywhere there is a connection to the gas-grid (or even with bottled gas). GIWHs are relatively popular in parts of southern-EU homes or holiday dwellings where there is no or little need of space heating. In Central and Northern Europe they GIWH are still sometimes used as a complementary heater to a separate space heating appliance. Most GIWHs are ‘open’ combustion devices, which means the combustion air comes from the room and the flue gases go outside through a small chimney in the wall. Older models also emit flue gases to the room, but are now largely forbidden for safety reasons. Newer GIWHs are often ‘closed’, which means that also the combustion air comes from outside. GSWH Gas- or oil-fired fired Storage Water Heaters have a gas burner that heats up sanitary water in an insulated storage tank. They are used in situations with no or separate space heating but they offer a higher capacity than a GIWH (e.g. to fill a bath) and/or in multi- GSWH point applications. A large tank (150 litre or more) is typical. GSWHs have storage losses. Instantaneous COMBI A factory-made boiler with a heating loop for 3 Central space Heating (CH) and a heating loop for Sanitary Hot Water (SHW) is called a ‘combi’. A 3-way valve switches between the two loops, giving priority to the SHW-loop when tapping. The common elements in both loops are a heat exchanger, heated by a gas- or oil-fired burner, and a circulator that pumps the heating water around.