Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History PIPE SPRING Cultures at a Crossroads: An Administrative History Cultures at a Crossroads An Administrative History of Pipe Spring National Monument Kathleen L. McKoy 2000 Cultural Resources Selections No. 15 Intermountain Region Denver, CO TABLE OF CONTENTS pisp/adhi/adhi.htm Last Updated: 03-Aug-2001 file:///C|/Web/PISP/adhi/adhi.htm [9/7/2007 9:54:50 AM] Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History (Table of Contents) PIPE SPRING Cultures at a Crossroads: An Administrative History TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND Location and Environment Utah and the Arizona Strip, Ethnographic and Historical Background Native American Occupation, pre-1776 Spanish and Euroamerican Exploration and Contact The Coming of the Saints and the Call to Dixie The Honeymoon Trail The Impact of Latter-day Saint Colonization on the Southern Paiute Pipe Spring and Its Ownership, 1863-1909 Moccasin Ranch and Spring The Federal Government's Response: Creation of the Kaibab Indian Reservation The Pipe Spring "Compromise" The Heaton Family Claims to Lands Within the Reservation The Kaibab Indian Reservation in 1922 file:///C|/Web/PISP/adhi/adhit.htm (1 of 13) [9/7/2007 9:54:52 AM] Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History (Table of Contents) The Heaton Family and Pipe Spring, 1909-1924 The National Park Service, Historical Background National Context, 1916-1923 Regional Context, 1910s-1920s II. THE CREATON OF PIPE SPRING NATIONAL MONUMENT Introduction The Impact of Auto Touring on Utah's Southern Parks and the Arizona Strip Mather Visits Pipe Spring "If You Build It They Will Come" - The Challenge of Roads Less Traveled The Role of Union Pacific in the Parks' Transportation Network The Railroad Comes to Cedar City The Establishment of Pipe Spring National Monument Reasons for the Establishment of Pipe Spring National Monument Bryce Canyon Declared a National Monument "Shall We Go This way, or That Way?" - Officials Decide Best Route for Tourists A Deal Is Struck at Pipe Spring The Heatons Have Second Thoughts Pipe Spring's Purchase and Belated Transfer to the Federal Government Area Developments, Late 1924 III. THE MONUMENT'S FIRST TEN YEARS Area Developments Presenting Pipe Spring National Monument The "Boss" Directs First Improvements East Cabin Repairs; A New Caretaker Is Hired Repairs to the Interior of Pipe Spring Fort Repairs to the Fort Exterior and West Cabin So Much To Do, So Little Help The Heatons' Store, Gas Station, and Lunch Stand Pipe Spring as a Gathering Place The Greening of Pipe Spring "A New Highway Early Interpretive Efforts in National Monuments A Monument to Mormon Pioneers Early Fort Exhibits The Utah Pioneer Trails and Landmarks Association's Marker file:///C|/Web/PISP/adhi/adhit.htm (2 of 13) [9/7/2007 9:54:52 AM] Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History (Table of Contents) IV. THE GREAT DIVIDE Introduction Water Problems at Moccasin Spring The Indian Service Looks Toward Pipe Spring A Bittersweet Trade The Opposition Rallies 1933 The Rose Report Monument Development Planning, 1933 Water Regulations Issued V. THE GREAT DEPRESSION Introduction The First New Deal Completing the Division of Water The Second New Deal Planning Continues at Pipe Spring The Establishment of DG-44 To File or Not to File? The Aftermath of DG-44 The Fredonia-Toroweap Approach Road The Hurricane-Fredonia Road Monument Interpretation during the Great Depression VI. THE WORLD WAR II YEARS Introduction Monument Administration Wartime Visitation Weathering the Infirmary and Other Cold Places Flood Problems Museum Collection The Ponds and Fish Culture Leaving Their Mark The Stockmen's Two-acre "Reserve" Area Roads Water Issues Interpretation VII. THE CALM BEFORE THE COLD WAR file:///C|/Web/PISP/adhi/adhit.htm (3 of 13) [9/7/2007 9:54:52 AM] Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History (Table of Contents) Introduction Monument Administration Planning and Development Post-war Visitation Births, Deaths, and Accidents Historic Buildings The Heaton Residence Fish and Ponds Flood Diversion, Irrigation, and Pipelines Floods Soil Conservation Museum Collection Historical Research Area Roads Interpretation VIII. THE COLD WAR ON THE ARIZONA STRIP Introduction Cold War Background Pipe Springs and Weapons Testing Uranium and Oil Exploration Monument Administration The "Neglect" of Pipe Spring National Monument Visitation Historic Buildings The Heaton Residence Planning and Development The Ponds, Fish, and Fowl Flood Diversion, Irrigation, and Pipelines Floods Museum Collection Water Issues and the Kaibab Indian Reservation Accidents, Deaths, and Heaton Family Matters Alcohol and Law Enforcement Problems Area Roads IX. MISSION 66 Introduction Monument Administration file:///C|/Web/PISP/adhi/adhit.htm (4 of 13) [9/7/2007 9:54:52 AM] Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History (Table of Contents) The Final Push for Power Visitation Historic Buildings The Heaton Residence Planning and Development Ponds, Fish, Fowl, and Springs Flood Diversion, Irrigation, and Pipelines Floods Museum Collection Water Issues Deaths, Accidents, Missing Persons, and Heaton Family Matters Oil Exploration and Drilling Area Roads X. PIPE SPRING NATIONAL MONUMENT COMES ALIVE Introduction Monument Administration Planning and Development with the Kaibab Paiute Tribe and Associated Water Issues Nature Trail Interpretation General Historical Research and Publications Visitation Historic Buildings Other Historic Resources Residences, Utility Area, and Walkways Sewage System Ponds, Fish, and Fowl Flood Diversion, Irrigation, and Pipelines Floods Museum Collection Water Issues (pre-1968) Deaths, Accidents, Missing Persons, and Family Matters Law Enforcement Movies Area Roads XI. LIVING IN THE PAST, PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE Introduction Monument Administration Visitor Services Operated by the Kaibab Paiute Tribe file:///C|/Web/PISP/adhi/adhit.htm (5 of 13) [9/7/2007 9:54:52 AM] Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History (Table of Contents) Developments in Kaibab Village Neighborhood Youth Corps, Comprehensive Employment Training Act Programs The VIP Program Zion Natural History Association Personnel Interpretation Visitation Historic Buildings Landscape Changes Planning and Development Museum Collection Movies and Other Filming Natural History Archeological and Historical Research Seasonal Residence Solid Waste Disposal The Navajo-McCullough Transmission Line Measurements of Spring Flow Ponds, Fish, Fowl, and Farm Animals Floods Flood Diversion Fire Protection Safety and Law Enforcement XII. THE HERR ADMINISTRATION Introduction Federal Legislation and Federal Water Rights Monument Administration Tribal Developments and Tribal-Monument Relations Employment of the Kaibab Paiute at Pipe Spring Water System Decline in Spring Flow and Area Water Studies Tunnel Spring Rehabilitation Water Developments in Moccasin Water Issues, 1988-1989 Visitor Services Operated by the Kaibab Paiute Tribe xvii.Building Maintenance Issues Comprehensive Employment Act, Job Training Partnership Act, and Student Conservation Association Programs The VIP Program Zion Natural History Association file:///C|/Web/PISP/adhi/adhit.htm (6 of 13) [9/7/2007 9:54:52 AM] Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History (Table of Contents) Interpretation Visitation Historic Buildings Landscape Changes Planning and Development Roads, Walks, and Nature Trail Museum Collection Natural History Archeological and Historical Research Permanent Residences Seasonal Residence Solid Waste Disposal Ponds, Fish, Fowl, and Farm Animals Fire Protection Radio Communication Accidents, Thefts, and Law Enforcement EPILOGUE NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX (omitted from on-line edition) APPENDICES I. Pipe Spring ranch ownership summary II. Proclamation establishing Pipe Spring National Monument IIIa. Quitclaim deed from Charles C. Heaton to the U.S. government IIIb. Charles C. Heaton's withdrawal of homestead application IV. Robert H. Rose report summary, September 1933 V. Regulations for the division of the waters of Pipe Springs VI. Visitation, Pipe Spring National Monument (1925-1990) VII. Water agreement between NPS and Kaibab Paiute Tribe, April 13, 1972 VIII. Monument's administrative budget (1972-1988) IX. Personnel, Pipe Spring National Monument (1923-1990) X. List of officials, Pipe Spring National Monument (1923-1999) XI. Kaibab Indian Reservation statistics (1910-1955) XII. Maps and drawings, Pipe Spring National Monument file:///C|/Web/PISP/adhi/adhit.htm (7 of 13) [9/7/2007 9:54:52 AM] Pipe Spring NM: An Administrative History (Table of Contents) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Part I 1. Pipe Spring National Monument vicinity map, 1959, modified 2. "The Mormon Exodus to the Rocky Mountains" 3. Erastus Snow, in charge of Arizona colonization 4. Mormon settlements along the Arizona Strip and in Arizona 5. Map showing early settlement and roads in Arizona 6. Map showing boundary changes to Utah and surrounding territories, 1850-1896 7. Detail from USGS survey map, John Wesley Powell's expeditions of 1871, 1872 and 1873 8. An ox dragged building stone on a "rock lizard" down the quarry trail 9. The quarry trail followed along the cliff face to the fort's construction site 10. Albert Tissandier and his drawing of Pipe Spring, 1885 11. Pipe Spring fort, April 27, 1891 12. William B. Maxwell, first Mormon claimant of Moccasin, undated 13. Kaibab Paiute Indians at Moccasin, 1904 14. Jonathan Heaton and his 15 sons, Moccasin, 1907 15. Map of Kaibab Reservation, 1911 16. GLO survey map,