Sustainable Development in the 21st century (SD21) Review of implementation of Agenda 21 Detailed review of implementation of Agenda 21 Study prepared by the Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future January 2012 Design by formatoverde.pt All photographs by © United Nations Acknowledgement This study is part of the Sustainable Development in the 21st century (SD21) project. The project is implemented by the Division for Sustainable Development of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and funded by the European Commission - Directorate- General for Environment - Thematic Programme for Environment and sustainable management of Natural Resources, including energy (ENRTP). The study was done by Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future (SF), under the supervision of David Le Blanc (UN-DESA). Within SF, Nicholas Allen, Jack Cornforth, Hannah Stoddart, and Farooq Ullah participated in the editorial team. Outside contributors on individual chapters of the report were Margaret Araujo Dantas, Beth Harrison, Paul Heigl, Emma Mullins, Brittany Murales, Emma Norris, Andy Shaw, Jan-Gustav Strandenaes, Sara Svensson, and Farooq Ullah. Claire Fellini (UN-DESA) prepared the manuscript. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the United nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Acknowledgements | Review of Implementation of Agenda 21 PAGE III Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Implementation of Agenda 21 and progress in implementation of the Rio principles ............ 1 Implementation of Agenda 21 ....................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Section 1: Social and Economic Dimensions ................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2: International Cooperation to Accelerate Sustainable Development in Developing Countries & Related Domestic Policies .............................................................................. 6 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Challenges and Conflicts ................................................................................................................................... 8 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 3: Combating Poverty ..................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 11 Challenges and Conflicts ................................................................................................................................... 14 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 4: Changing Consumption Patterns ........................................................................................... 17 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 17 Challenges and Conflicts ................................................................................................................................... 22 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 5: Demographic Dynamics and Sustainability ...................................................................... 25 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 25 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 25 Challenges and Conflicts ................................................................................................................................... 29 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 6: Protecting & Promoting Human Health ............................................................................. 32 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 32 Challenges and Conflicts ................................................................................................................................... 34 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 7: Promoting Sustainable Human Settlement Development ............................................. 38 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 38 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 38 Challenges and Conflicts ................................................................................................................................... 42 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 8: Integrating Environment & Development in Decision-Making .................................. 46 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 46 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 46 Challenges and Conflicts ................................................................................................................................... 51 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 53 Section 2: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development ....................................... 55 Chapter 9: Protection of the Atmosphere ................................................................................................. 56 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 56 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 56 Challenges and conflicts .................................................................................................................................... 60 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 62 PAGE IV Review of Implementation of Agenda 21 | Contents Chapter 10: Integrated Approach to the Planning & Management of Land Resources........... 64 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 64 Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 64 Challenges and Conflicts ................................................................................................................................... 66 Way Forward ......................................................................................................................................................