University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 5-1-1977 An analysis of the influence of Samuel Adams on the Boston Massacre Virginia Pegues-Sailsbury University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Pegues-Sailsbury, Virginia, "An analysis of the influence of Samuel Adams on the Boston Massacre" (1977). Student Work. 463. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/463 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF SAMUEL ADAMS ON THE BOSTON MASSACRE A Thesis Presented to the Department of Communication and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska; In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts University of Nebraska at Omaha by Virginia Pegues-Sailsbury UMI Number: EP73101 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI' Dissertation Publishing UMI EP73101 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 THESIS ACCEPTANCE Accepted for the faculty of The Graduate College of the University of Nebraska at Omaha, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts, Graduate Committee______ _____ ________________________________________ Name Department Chairman /a, /?77 Date TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I . INTRODUCTION ........ .................................................. 1 I I . SAMUEL ADAMS: A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ..................................................... 6 I I I . THE. POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF SAMUEL ADAMS . ............................... 18 IV. A DESCRIPTION OF THE BOSTON MASSACRE ........... 32 V. THE CASE OF SAMUEL ADAMS: GUILTY OR INNOCENT? Part I. A Historical Perspective ........ 1*7 Part II. A Communicative Perspective .......... 61 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................. 1$ CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Samuel Adams, labeled the "father of the American Revolution" by 1 William Wells, may have been neglected in the h isto ry books of America* "There is no doubt that -without him the prerevolutionary protests of 2 M assachusetts would have been muted considerably.’1 Yet even to th is day Samuel Adams is not given an important place in history. It is interesting that in 1777, before the Battle of Bunker Hill, General Gage, commander of the British troops, was authorized by the king to pardon all 3 p a trio ts who would serve the king, except Samuel Adams arid John Hancock. Biographers of Adams have all, independently of each other arrived at similar conclusions; Adams almost single handedly planned, and directed most of the events leading to the first shot at. Lexington, and ultimately to the signing of the Declaration of Independence. These conclusions are upheld by Paul Lewis in his biography, The Grand Incendiary. In the specific area of the Boston Massacre-he proposed that Adams set the stage for the Boston Massacre# 1 !------------------------ William Wells, The Life -and Public Services of Samuel Adams, (Boston: L ittle , Brown, and Company, 1$6£), v o l. T, p . 11. 2 Harry Hansen, The Boston Massacre, (New York: H astings House Pub., 1970), p. 23. 3 William Tudor, The Life of James Otis, (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1923), p. 261*. The situation |_the troops in Boston] was made to order for Sam Adams, and he chose his setting with care, selecting the North End of Boston, where a battalion headquarters of the Twenty-ninth Regiment had been established near a cluster of small ropemaking factories. The ropemakers, of course, were ardent Sons of Liberty and Sam Adams*s followers* The Massacre, so labeled by Sam Adams, occured on March ?, 1770, concluding a lengthy encampment of B ritish so ld iers in the c ity lim its of Boston. Although several accounts have been given of the Massacre, not all the facts about it are known. The question of who first yelled "fire," for example, is not known. The Captain in charge was not accused of giving a command to "fire." Possibly, with the fire alarms sounding and the confusion among the people, someone said "fire" in reference to a burning fire. Nevertheless, descriptive narratives taken from several accounts and combined offer* as much as is possible, the complete, accurate facts of March 5. The assertion by Lewis concerning Adams? involvement, has created interest about the true role of this patriot in the Boston Massacre. In developing this study, the following questions served as guidelines for research to answer the initial questions Did Samuel Adams plan and/or cause the Boston Massacre? 1. Did Adams encourage the citizens to arm themselves against the troops? 2* Did Adams present the troops as a true threat to the citizens of Boston? n Paul Lewis, The Grand Incendiary, (New York: The Dial Press, 1973), p. 107. 8 3. Did he show th a t a l l le g a l means had .failed, thus making violence necessary? Did Adams, directly or indirectly, control the groups present at the Massacre? 5. Was Adams personally convinced that the troops would fire upon the citizens? If these questions could be answered through the available evidence, the conclusions would have to be based on the following primary sources: the w ritings of Samuel Adams, the autobiography and nersonal papers of John Adams, and the contempory history of Massachusetts by Thomas Hutchinson. The most useful secondary sources were biographies on the following individuals: Sam Adams, John Adams, James Otis, and Joseph Warren. In conducting a study such as this, there are several things which must be taken into consideration. First, when analyzing the "guilt or innocence" of a individual, that individual needs to be as clearly understood as p o ssib le. With Samuel Adams, i t would be sig n ific a n t to identify all salient characteristics which might have affected his actions. The first two chapters of this study included research on the biography and political ideology of Adams. Hopefully the information presented helped to establish more intimate aspects of Adams—the man. The second area, which was vital to this study, was a description of the events leading to the Massacre. During the development of events in chapter four, references to Adams were excluded so that an objective (as possible) view could be obtained. Chapter five is an analysis of Adams’ role in the Massacre, t,ying the first four chapters together in a complete overview. Each chapter of this study was dereloped using primary and secondary sources. While these sources are thorough, they cannot be comprehensive ; th a t i s , a l l the fa c ts and evidence cannot be known. The procedures employed in this research, therefore, involved collecting data, analyzing data, and interpretating data to arrive at an inferred conclusion. An example of this procedure can be seen in the answering of question four—did Adams directly or indirectly control the groups present at the Massacre? Adams1 name appeared on no membership lists and he was rarely seen in public with any political groups. How then, could it be proved that he was the leader of these groups? First, the groups involved had to be identified. Second, links between Adams and these 'groups ©r group members had to be established. Once these links were established, Adams1 influence upon them needed to be assessed. In order to do this, it was necessary to make certain assumptions and proceed with an nif-thentt analysis. If Adams was linked to these groups, which the research supported, and if one accepts the influential character of Adams portrayed by biographers, then possibly he influenced the actions of the groups present. An "if-then" relationship was established in this specific example as in others. The perspective of the researcher played an important role in the analysis of the initial question. For example chapter three dealt with the political ideology of Sam Adams. The researcher approached this investigation believing Adams to be guilty. Because of this, the researcher set out to prove Adams' innocence. The writings of Adams and secondary sources on him provided the main sources, with little emphasis given to other sources. The conclusions were that Adams seemed an unlikely "murderer." However, the ultimate judging found Adams guilty of causing the Massacre, which seems to be a contradiction. Remember, however, that perspective was a vital concept when the analysis was made. Chapter three represented a singular analysis, centered around Adams, with little acknowledgement to outside events. Chapter five is, however, a much broader, more thorough look at Adams and his associations with various revolutionary elements• The broader perspective offered a more accurate and complete picture. A closer look at both chapters would reveal little contra­ dictory information. Chapter three concludes that it is