Scriptura 85 (2004), pp. 241-250 WOMEN, THE VATICAN, AND HOPE FOR THE FUTURE: 1 AN ECUMENICAL QUAGMIRE Clint Le Bruyns Department of Systematic Theology and Ecclesiology Stellenbosch University Abstract The prevailing position against women’s ordination to the ministerial priesthood in the Roman Catholic Church presents itself as an ongoing ecumenical dilemma within and beyond its ecclesial borders. This paper provides an overview of the ‘official’ position of Rome in teaching and defending the church’s view against the ordination of women, even in the midst of great dissent among its members. Then it proceeds to lay a basic foundation for legitimately and respectfully offering an ecumenical contribution. Finally it considers several challenges that confront the ecumenical community in engaging an ecumenical response. I was once invited to the home of some acquaintances for dinner. When all the guests had arrived, the hostess invited us into the dining room. As I entered the room, I noticed with astonishment that there was a horse on the table. I caught my breath but didn’t say a word. I was the first to enter the room, so I was able to observe the other guests. They responded much as I had – they entered, saw the horse, gasped and stared, but said nothing. It was cramped sitting at the table and trying to avoid the horse. Everyone obviously was ill at ease. We were all trying not to look at the horse, yet unable to keep our eyes off it. I thought several times of saying, “Look, there’s a horse on the table.” But I didn’t know the host and hostess well, and I didn’t want to mention something that might embarrass them. After all, it was their house. Who was I to say they couldn’t have a horse on the table? I could have said that I didn’t mind, but that would have been untrue – its presence upset me so much that I enjoyed neither the dinner nor the company. I excused myself early and went home. I later learned that the host and hostess were hoping the dinner would be a success despite the horse. But both they and the other guests had thought about little else than the horse and how to avoid mentioning it. An ancient Sufi parable2 1. The ‘Official’ Position of Rome on Women’s Ordination Almost three decades ago, in the wake of the decision by U.S. Episcopalians to ordain women, the Vatican released a document that now serves as the point of departure for any current discussion of the Roman Catholic position on women’s ordination. On October 15, 1976, Paul VI issued an apostolic letter titled Inter Insigniores (“Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood”), which effectively 1. An adapted version of a paper delivered at the congress of the Theological Society of Southern Africa on “Gender and Theology in Africa” held at the University of Pretoria on 19 June 2003. I am particularly grateful for the constructive responses to the presented paper by Nico Koopman and Susan Rakocsy. 2. As told in Manning (1999:153-54). 242 Women, the Vatican, and Hope for the Future: An Ecumenical Quagmire ruled out women’s ordination. The opening line of the document stated: “The Catholic Church has never felt that priestly or episcopal ordination can be validly conferred on women” (§1). What followed was merely an elaboration and substantiation of that thesis, contending that the essential reason against women’s ordination rested with the church’s intention “to remain faithful to the type of ordained ministry willed by the Lord Jesus Christ and carefully maintained by the Apostles” (§1). Advocacy for women’s ordination nevertheless continued after 1976 with bishops, priests, and laypeople calling for a reversal of the Vatican’s declaration. It is noteworthy that still at this time the doctrine of an exclusively male priesthood did not rank very high in importance in the Roman Catholic ‘hierarchy of truths’.3 While it was indeed a traditional practice followed in the church, it was not a teaching accorded the status of a truth of revelation (as would be the Incarnation or the Resurrection), so it rested on a much lower plain of authority (than the divinity of Christ, for example).4 It is understandable, therefore, why advocates of women’s ordination pressed ahead in anticipation of a potential change of mind in the church. Such expectations were dealt a heavy blow, however, when John Paul II released his apostolic letter on May 22, 1994, titled Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (“On the Reserving of Priestly Ordination to Men Alone”), which served as the Vatican’s deafening thunderclap on advocacy efforts for women’s ordination. Only four paragraphs in length, the pope’s remarks were intended to be crisp and clear. Once again, the church’s official position appeared in the opening statement: “Priestly ordination, which hands on the office entrusted by Christ to his Apostles of teaching, sanctifying and governing the faithful, has in the Catholic Church from the beginning always been reserved to men alone” (§1). The most hard-hitting remarks, though, were saved for last (§4): Although the teaching that priestly ordination is to be reserved to men alone has been preserved by the constant and universal Tradition of the Church and firmly taught by the Magisterium in its more recent documents, at the present time in some places it is nonetheless considered still open to debate, or the Church’s judgement that women are not to be admitted to ordination is considered to have a merely disciplinary force. Wherefore, in order that all doubt may be removed regarding a matter of great importance, a matter which pertains to the Church’s divine constitution itself, in virtue of my ministry of confirming the brethren (cf. Lk 22:32) I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgement is to be definitively held by all the Church’s faithful. The case was closed! Women’s ordination in the Roman Catholic Church was cate- gorically forbidden, including its advocacy. The Vatican statement declared this position to be part of “the Church’s divine constitution” and a definitive teaching. The pope had now 3. What this means, in the order of beliefs in Roman Catholic doctrine, is that some truths are more important than others, thus requiring deeper assent by the faithful. It is also worth mentioning that the more elevated a teaching is in the ‘hierarchy of truths’, the more difficult it is for the church to change it. For a helpful explanation of this expression, see Tom Stransky, “Hierarchy of Truths” in Nicholas Lossky, et al (eds.), Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement, 2nd Edition (Geneva: WCC, 2002), 519. 4. On the teaching of the exclusively male priesthood, it would be more accurate to label it a doctrinal con- clusion derived from revelation, according to the ordering of the church’s web of beliefs. Nevertheless, in the light of its lower ranking in importance, there was no reason to rule out a potential change of mind on the question of women’s ordination in the future. Le Bruyns 243 moved the prohibition to a higher level in the ‘hierarchy of truths’, elevating it to a central place in the church’s teaching, out of reach in regard to any prospect for change.5 Then, in January 1997 the Vatican released a book titled From “Inter Insigniores” to “Ordinatio Sacerdotalis” that reinforced its case through a comprehensive overview of its position. The ban on women’s ordination, if rejected, did not imply heresy, explained Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger in a later interview, but it was clearly erroneous and incom- patible with the faith (Allen 2000:187).6 More was still to come, when in May 1998 the importance of such a prohibition was underlined yet again in an apostolic letter titled Ad Tuendam Fidem (“To Defend the Faith”), which placed this ban in a category of beliefs in which certain “definitively held” teachings were raised to the level of infallibility, resulting in a sliding scale of penalties for its denial that ranged from admonition to excommunication. This notwithstanding, the proponents for women’s ordination continued their dis- cussions and efforts during and after this period, much to the exasperation of the Vatican. In 1995 in Austria and Germany, a petition for reform in the church garnered almost three million signatures, with women’s ordination among its five key demands (Allen 2000:181). In 1999 a synod in the Montreal diocese voted to carry a message to Rome that it might be time to consider ordaining women (2000:181). In March 2002 a letter was sent to the Vatican by two giant German Roman Catholic women organisations – the Katholische Deutscher Frauenbund and the Katholische Frauengemeinschaft Deutschlands (which have a combined membership of over one million women) - requesting recognition of women’s ordination to the diaconate (St Leger 2003:14). According to former priest and veteran advocate for women’s ordination, John Wijn- gaards, dissent on this matter has strengthened. He claims, based on research findings in 1999, that 86 percent of Roman Catholic parish clergy and their parish councils in the Netherlands firmly support women’s ordination. Moreover, studies in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United States, put general support among Catholics at around 70 percent (Wijngaards 2003:15). Still, the Vatican is irrepressible on the matter, engaging in a ‘shock and awe’ offensive against any dissenting voices among its members. It has kept theological statements back from publication, scholarly literature has been scrutinised and its authors investigated (cf.