Supporting Information Hu et al. 10.1073/pnas.1311439110 Fig. S1. The location of the Quanhucun site in Shaanxi Province, China. Fig. S2. Pottery from Quanhucun (H87:61) (1) designed for grain storage with surfaces and angles that prevent rodents from entering such vessels. 1. Wang W (2010) Cats, mice and human settlement life: Opinions on cat bones excavated from Quanhucun site. Archaeology and Cultural Relics 1:22–25. Chinese. Hu et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1311439110 1of2 Table S1. Felid remains found at Chinese archaeological sites showing skeletal elements and approximate dates Site name Skeletal elements Approximate date Source Banpo, Shaanxi Left mandible 7000∼5000 B.P. 1 Jiangzhai, Shaanxi Left mandible, right mandible 7000∼5000 B.P. 2 Dongying, Shaanxi Left ilium 7000∼5000 B.P. 3 Dongying, Shaanxi Left humerus, distal left tibia 5000∼4000 B.P. 3 Baiying, Henan Mandible 4000 B.P. 4 1. Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Banpo Museum of Shaanxi Province (1963) Xi’An Banpo: Human Settlement Site as Primitive Tribe (Cultural Relics Press, Beijing), pp 255–269 (in Chinese). 2. Banpo Museum, Institute of Archaeology Research of Shaanxi, Lintong Museum (1988) Jiangzhai Site: Excavation Report in the Neolithic (Cultural Relics Press, Beijing), pp 504–538 (in Chinese). 3. Institute of Shaanxi Archaeology & Research Center for Cultural Heritage and Archaeology (2012) Northwest University. Gaoling Dongying: Excavation Reports in Neolithic Sites (Science Press, Beijing), pp 154. Chinese. 4. Wu R (1994) The raising of domestic cats in China began over 4000 years ago. Agricultural Archaeology 3:281. Chinese. Table S2. Carbon and Nitrogen contents and stable isotopic ratios in human and animal collagen at the site of Quanhucun Species Cultural phrase C(%) N(%) C:N δ13C(‰) δ15N(‰) Location Skeleton element Common Chinese zokor (Myospalax sp.) 3 40 14.1 3.3 −8.5 8.5 T0401③ Right femur Cat (Felis sp.) 2 44.1 16.2 3.2 −12.3 5.8 H130:1 Proximal right tibia Cat (Felis sp.) 1 36.1 12.7 3.3 −16.1 8.2 H172:1 Distal left femur Cat (Felis sp.) 2 48.4 14.7 3.1 −13.5 8.9 H35:2 Proximal right humerus Unidentified fish 1 37.7 13.7 3.2 −21.9 6.5 H01 Unidentified fish 3 41.7 15.3 3.2 −19.4 6.6 H22:1 Unidentified fish 2 42.5 15.5 3.2 −19.8 7.7 H143:1 Pig (Sus scrofa) 2 47.2 16.7 3.3 −11 6.7 H41-a Left frontal bone Pig (Sus scrofa) 2 49.4 17.7 3.3 −11 8.3 H41-b Distal left humerus Pig (Sus scrofa) 2 50 18.1 3.2 −6.3 8 H41-c Left humerus Pig (Sus scrofa) 3 48.7 17.5 3.2 −10.2 8.7 H22-a Distal right radius Pig (Sus scrofa) 3 47.9 17.3 3.2 −7.4 9.2 H22-b Left humerus Pig (Sus scrofa) 3 49 17.8 3.2 −8.6 6.8 H22-c Distal metacarpus Pig (Sus scrofa) 1 48.3 17.4 3.2 −9.3 7.9 H28-a Left mandible Pig (Sus scrofa) 1 48.9 17.5 3.3 −9.2 8 H28-b Distal right humerus Pig (Sus scrofa) 1 48.1 17.3 3.2 −7.9 8 H108 Proximal left radius Pig (Sus scrofa) 1 45.6 16.1 3.3 −8.3 8 H68 Left mandible Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 44.5 14.5 2.9 −8.2 8.8 H17 Proximal right femur Dog (Canis familiaris) 1 53.9 15 3.4 −8.7 6.8 H164 Left pelvis Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 52.8 13.8 3.6 −9.2 8.9 H41 Right mandible Sika deer (Cervus nippon) 1 49.8 15.6 3 −22.7 2.8 H112 Proximal right metacarpus Sika deer (Cervu snippon) 1 52.1 15.2 3.2 −22.9 3.5 H64 Distal right femur Sika deer (Cervus nippon) 2 50.2 14.8 3.2 −20 4.5 H158 Distal right tibia Sika deer (Cervus nippon) 3 53.1 15.1 3.3 −19.9 3.9 H141 Distal right scapula Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) 1 53.9 15.6 3.2 −20.6 5.4 H38 Distal metacarpus Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) 3 52 14.9 3.3 −21 4.6 H22 Distal left humerus Hare (Lepus capensis) 2 49 14.5 3.2 −20.1 4.4 H164:1 Distal right tibia Human (Homo sapiens) 3 51.5 15 3.2 −11.2 11.5 H109:2 Skull Hu et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1311439110 2of2.