Oribatid mites as vectors of invasive diseases M. Roczen-Karczmarz, K. Tomczuk To cite this version: M. Roczen-Karczmarz, K. Tomczuk. Oribatid mites as vectors of invasive diseases. Acarologia, Acarologia, 2016, 56 (4), pp.613-623. 10.1051/acarologia/20164143. hal-01547425 HAL Id: hal-01547425 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01547425 Submitted on 26 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License ACAROLOGIA A quarterly journal of acarology, since 1959 Publishing on all aspects of the Acari All information: http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/ [email protected] Acarologia is proudly non-profit, with no page charges and free open access Please help us maintain this system by encouraging your institutes to subscribe to the print version of the journal and by sending us your high quality research on the Acari. Subscriptions: Year 2017 (Volume 57): 380 € http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/subscribe.php Previous volumes (2010-2015): 250 € / year (4 issues) Acarologia, CBGP, CS 30016, 34988 MONTFERRIER-sur-LEZ Cedex, France The digitalization of Acarologia papers prior to 2000 was supported by Agropolis Fondation under the reference ID 1500-024 through the « Investissements d’avenir » programme (Labex Agro: ANR-10-LABX-0001-01) Acarologia is under free license and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons-BY-NC-ND which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Acarologia 56(4): 613–623 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20164143 Oribatid mites as vectors of invasive diseases Monika ROCZEN´ -KARCZMARZ*, Krzysztof TOMCZUK (Received 17 March 2016; accepted 07 July 2016; published online 21 October 2016) Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 12 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland. [email protected] phone: +48 81 4456058 (*Corresponding author), [email protected] ABSTRACT — Research on mites as intermediate hosts of the tapeworms of the Anoplocephalidae family was encouraged by Stunkard (1937), who discovered that mites are intermediate hosts and vectors for Moniezia expansa tapeworms. This discovery stimulated other researchers to look for other mite hosts. In his review written in 1993, Denegri gathered data available up to 1991 associated with mites acting as intermediate hosts. We extended his list by adding information concerning Oribatida, which participate in the life-cycle of tapeworms of the Anoplocephalidae and Mesocestoididae families. We gathered the Oribatida species that were found to be intermediate hosts by Denegri after 1991 and those that were available but not found in his review. This may be due to the difficulty in obtaining certain articles at that time. We gathered data concerning factors that influence the distribution of oribatid mites, development of cysticercoids in their bodies, and factors that limit the Oribatida species as intermediate hosts. KEYWORDS — Oribatida; intermediate host; Anoplocephalidae; Mesocestoididae; Cestodes; equines; ruminants; cysticer- coid INTRODUCTION regions (Africa/Ethiopian, Madagascar), 1120 from the Nearctic, 1850 from the Neotropical (Central Oribatid mites (Oribatida) are widespread through- America, South America), 1245 from the Aus- out the world and constitute one of the largest tralian/Pacific region (New Guinea, Australia, New mites orders. They play an important role in the Zealand, Pacific Islands, Hawaii), and 118 from ecosystem as decomposers of plant detritus. More- the Subantarctic/Antarctic (Subantarctic, Antarctic) over, some of them may be of epidemiological and (Schatz 2004) and there are still new ones being dis- medical significance because they act as interme- covered (Bayartogtokh 2012; Seniczak et al. 2013; diate hosts in the life-cycle of tapeworms of the Bayartogtokh and Akrami 2014; Bayartogtokh and Anoplocephalidae and Mesocestoididae families. Ermilov 2015; Ermilov and Minor 2015). At present, there are about 10,000 species of the de- scribed oribatid mites. They are widely distributed: 3620 oribatid species are known from the Palaearc- RESULTS tic region (Macaronesia, North Africa, Europe, Cau- The occurrence of Oribatida casus, Asia/Palaearctic, China/Palaearctic, Japan), 1900 from Oriental regions (Oriental West, Orien- Oribatid mites are the most abundant soil-living mi- tal East, China/Oriental), 1450 from the Ethiopian croarthropods reaching densities of up to a hun- http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/ 613 ISSN 0044-586-X (print). ISSN 2107-7207 (electronic) Rocze´n-Karczmarz M. and Tomczuk K. dred thousand individuals per square meter in tem- form moder (places in Germany and Canada) and perate forest soil (Skubała 2002). There are reports pine forests with raw humus (Finland) (Maraun and showing forest biota with absolute numbers of moss Scheu 2000). Erdmann et al. (2012) indicated that mites reaching more than one million individuals the most important factor for the incidence of the per one square meter (Rajski 1961). There are be- oribatid mites is the presence of a litter layer. He tween several hundred and several thousand ori- investigated the effect of four forest types at large batid mites per square meter in meadows, while geographic ranges in Central Europe: the high- the least numerous oribatid mites are found in agri- est density of oribatid mites occurred in coniferous cultural soils. This amounts from a few to several forests (120,000 ind./m2), lower in the 30 years old thousand individuals per square meter since agri- (60,000 ind./m2) and 70 year-old (50,000 ind./m2) culture has a negative impact upon wildlife (Nied- beech forests and lowest in the natural beech forests bała 1980). Oribatid mites live wherever dead or- (30,000 ind./m2) (Erdmann et al. 2012). The type ganic matter occurs, and their habitat includes soil, of forest impacts the thickness of its litter layer, so mosses, lichens, trees, wood or even nests of birds in a coniferous forest it is the thickest, and in old- and other animal species (Niedbała 1980; Schatz growth, natural beech forests the layer is of min- and Behan-Pelletier 2008). They are saprophagous imum thickness (Erdmann et al. 2012). Oribatid as they feed on dead organic matter, lichens, fungi mites are more commonly associated with soil and (Erdmann et al. 2007) as well as dead or living an- litter (Wallwork 1983; Lindo and Winchester 2006), imals (Heidemann et al. 2011). They are normally but they are often the dominant mite group col- found on land, however they might be present in lected from forest canopies. Nadkarni and Longino fresh and salty water (Niedbała 1980; Pfingstl 2013). (1990), Paoletti et al. (1991) and Behan-Pelletier et Noti et al. (2003) analyzed the African fauna soil al. (1993) found mites to be the numerically dom- and studied in three ecosystems of a regressive inant arthropods in cloud forest canopy in tropi- sere: forest, woodland and savanna. They showed cal forests and the same showed Schowalter (1989) that overall savanna is the richest ecosystem (149 and Winchester et al. (1999) in temperate forests. adult oribatid mite species), but forests show den- Lindo and Winchester (2006) found that oribatid sities with a wider range than that of woodland and prostigmatid mites in suspended soils were not and savanna. Maraun and Scheu (2000) analyzed 20 significantly different from an average abundance habitats in order to increase the density of oribatid on the forest floor, but communities thriving in the mites. Most of the data are from Germany but also canopy are more heterogeneous in species compo- from USA, Austria, Canada and Finland. The stud- sition than in the forest floor. ies were selected to cover a wide range of habitats including mor, moder and mull forests, broad-leaf Conditions affecting oribatid mites distribution and coniferous forests, pastures, meadows, arable fields and fallows of different ages. The fewest Critical environmental factors affecting oribatid oribatid mites (up to 20,000 ind./m2) occurred in mites distribution are: temperature, soil moisture, old fallow, arable land, pasture grazed by sheep, in solar radiation, and food availability. One must base rich mull soils - all places in Germany and in also take into account soil depth (Mitchell 1979; Van riverine forest in the central Alps of Austria. Den- Nieuwenhuizen et al. 1994). Oribatid mites are sity of oribatid mites in the range between 20,000 exothermic so they rely on the ambient tempera- and 60,000 ind./m2 recorded in mixed oak forest ture directly for many of their physiological pro- (USA), old beech stand and old beech forests form cesses, such as respiration, ingestion, growth and Germany. The humus form at these sites is inter- their survival (Mitchell 1979). Noti et al. (2003) mediate between moder and mull, but mull dom- claim that organic matter, C/N ratio, and total ni- inated. A density ranging from 60,000 to 180,000 trogen content appear to be other key factors con- ind./m2 was recorded in an old beech forest, beech trolling the species richness. In André et al. 1997 and spruce forests, acidic forests with the humus study, mite population densities are significantly 614 Acarologia 56(4): 613–623 (2016) correlated with cations K+ and Na+ as well as with A. perfoliata tapeworms (Gundłach et al. 2003, Tom- the C/N ratio. Additional drivers such as atmo- czuk 2012, Tomczuk et al.