GCE Classics: Ancient History Unit F392: Roman History from original sources Advanced Subsidiary GCE Mark Scheme for June 2016 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on the examination. OCR will not enter into any discussion or correspondence in connection with this mark scheme. © OCR 2016 F392 Mark Scheme June 2016 Annotations used in the detailed Mark Scheme (to include abbreviations and subject-specific conventions) 3 F392 Mark Scheme June 2016 MARK SCHEME Question Answer Marks Guidance Content Levels of Response 1a AO1 [10] Reward answers to [What does this Answers might include: passage tell us about political life in Rome before the Catilinarian conspiracy?] in line As shown in grids: • Tribunate obtained by certain men with descriptors in the grid – for both use whose youth intensified their natural of passage and comment, and context. AO1 = 10 aggressiveness. • began to rouse the mob by Level 5 9 – 10 Reward all interpretation of the passage inveighing against the Senate Level 4 7 – 8 with respect to political issues at the time • then inflamed popular passion still Level 3 5 – 6 of the Catilinarian conspiracy, including: further by handing out bribes and Level 2 2 – 4 promises, the rivalry between factions and the use Level 1 0 – 1 of tribunes in politics. • whereby they won renown and influence for themselves. • strenuously opposed by most of the nobility, • who posed as defenders of the Senate but were really concerned to maintain their own privileged position. • Both sides claiming either to be protecting the rights of the people • or to be strengthening the authority of the Senate, this was mere pretence: • fighting for his personal aggrandizement. Lacking all self‐restraint, • they stuck at nothing to gain their ends, • both sides made ruthless use of any successes they won. 4 F392 Mark Scheme June 2016 Question Answer Marks Guidance Content Levels of Response • popular party lost ground and the oligarchy became more powerful. • (Optimates) secured a virtual monopoly of public offices, provincial commands, and all other privileges. • by threats of prosecution they could deter any opponents who were elected to office from rousing the people by violent agitation. 1b AO1. Importance of tribunes shown for Answers should not include discussion of AO1 – 10 example by: the passages printed on the paper. AO2 - 10 • Suet, DJ, 20 on Clodius as tribune. As shown in grids: There should be a range of examples • Plutarch, Caesar 14: the election of chosen from the sources, with appropriate Clodius to the tribunate ‘most Level 5: 9-10 detail, in response to the question [What disgraceful political action of the Level 4: 7-8 can we learn from other sources about time.’ Level 3: 5-6 the importance of tribunes in the politics • Plutarch, Caesar 14: Cato oddly Level 2: 3-4 of the late 60s and early 50s BC?]. does not appeal to tribunes when Level 1: 1-2 sent off to prison by Caesar much to the surprise of the latter who himself Credit any discussion of sources if asks the tribunes to release Cato. present. • Plutarch Cicero 9: tribunes censure Cicero when he was praetor during Candidates may discuss the actions of Manlius’ extortion trial. Caesar at the start of his consulship • Plutarch, Cicero 12: tribunes (Plutarch, Pompey 47 and Caesar, 14) proposing the commission of ten during 63BC. Candidates may be aware of Rullus, • Plutarch, Cicero 23: Metellus and Gabinius, Flavius in 59, Manilius, Vatinius Bestia tribunes for 62 refuse Cicero actions of whom are alluded to in the chance to speak to people. Cicero’s sources. ‘new oath’ and law proposed for calling Pompey home with his army but put down by Cato as tribune. 5 F392 Mark Scheme June 2016 Question Answer Marks Guidance Content Levels of Response • Pro Sestio 77: rioting when tribunes There may be specific focus on Cato or impose the veto. Clodius’ tribunate and the aims of both in AO2 marks for interpretation of the holding these offices as well as their sources – range and detailed actions. understanding, with a clear conclusion to discussion about ‘what Candidates could provide a general can we learn from . .’ and analysis discussion of the nature of the particular of ‘importance’ clearly explained and office and its powers i.e call assembly, structured. veto and how these powers could be seen as important. • In general tribunes of 63 are far less active and important than the next set who immediately start causing Although not necessary, reward all trouble for Cicero. attempts to evaluate the evidence for • Reward discussion of the use of accuracy and reliability. tribunes by other individuals. • Role of tribunes in recalling Cicero from exile implicit in pro Sestio. • Importance of tribunes also alluded to in pro Murena 24. 1c AO1 may include: There should be a range of examples AO1 = 10 chosen from the sources, with appropriate Level 5 9 – 10 • A wealth of information in Pro Sestio detail, in response to the question [On the Level 4 7 – 8 96-105 on broad distinction between basis of this passage and other sources Level 3 5 – 6 optimates and populares including you have studied, how different were the Level 2 2 – 4 objectives of both factions. optimates and populares during the late Level 1 0 – 1 • Plutarch, Pompey 47 on Caesar’s Republic?]. popularis approach to the consulship. • Plutarch, Caesar, 14 on Caesar’s frustrations with the optimates. Optimates’ offence at Pompey’s AO2 = 15 actions. 6 F392 Mark Scheme June 2016 Question Answer Marks Guidance Content Levels of Response • In Catilinam IV.9 for a clear Answers should mention other passages Level 5 14 – 15 understanding of a popularis from an in some detail for high bands in AO1, with Level 4 10 – 13 optimate’s point of view their contexts and some specific content, Level 3 6 – 9 • Commentariolum petitionis – ‘stress and relevant knowledge of the issues. Level 2 3 – 5 optimate credentials, downplay Level 1 0 – 2 popularis credentials.’ ‘If we seem to have anything characteristic of a popularis, we did so with the intention of winning Pompey to our side.’ Implies distinction not so clear always. • Suetonius, DJ, 19-20 on tensions between factions during consulship of Caesar and Bibulus in 59BC. • Information on the struggle of the factions in the extract printed. • Cicero Letters 9 on Pompey’s relationship with the optimates and Cicero with Pompey and Crassus. • Plutarch Cicero 10 on optimates and populares both working together in support of Cicero’s consulship ‘Both parties, however ‐ that of the nobility and that of the people ‐ combined together to raise him to the consulship.’ • Sallust 37 Moreover, all the factions opposed to the Senate would rather see the state embroiled than accept their own exclusion from political power. • Sallust 20 the optimates essentially control all matters of state. 7 F392 Mark Scheme June 2016 Question Answer Marks Guidance Content Levels of Response AO2 Answers should: • evaluate the factual information in the sources and the potential for bias, given the background of our sources; • make judgements on the value of the examples as historical evidence; • show understanding of how to interpret ancient evidence. Is there a clear distinction? Reward discussion of the problem that the major source for this period is Cicero who is an optimate The problem is that the two terms have no real ideological basis and fluctuate somewhat. Optimates essentially control Senate and pursue agenda through traditional methods i.e SCU. Populares use tribunes and assemblies etc. Discussion could focus on the specific behaviour and aims of key politicians of both factions including Cicero, Pompey, Caesar and Cato (specifically Cicero and Pompey’s actions which occasionally blur the boundaries between optimates and populares. 8 F392 Mark Scheme June 2016 Question Answer Marks Guidance Content Levels of Response Sallust and Cicero not exactly clear in their distinctions of the two factions. Caesar really the only politician who is a permanent populares politician. Certain issues such as the use of the SCU show clear distinction in political views. Both factions have clear moments of strength: the optimates during Pompey’s absence and the populares during the early part of the Triumvirate. Clearly the three triumvirs do not feel they can meet their own aims with such opposition from Cato and the optimates. 2a AO1 [10] As shown in grids: Answers might include: Reward answers to [What do these • passages tell us about the aims of Julius Caesar‘s dilemma re consulship in AO1 = 10 absentia.