This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. United States Department of Agriculture Assessment and Management Forest Service of Animal Damage in Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Pacific Northwest Forests: Report PNW-GTR-262 October 1990 An Annotated Bibliography Donna M. Loucks, Hugh C. Black, Mary Lynn Roush, and Steven R. Radosevich I Technical DONNA M. LOUCKS is self-employed as a forestry information specialist in Centralia, Washington; HUGH C. BLACK is the national program manager, animal Coordinators damage control, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon; MARY LYNN ROUSH is a research assistant and STEVEN R. RADOSEVICH is professor, Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Assessment and Management of Animal Damage in Pacific Northwest Forest: An Annotated Bibliography Technical Coordinators Donna M. Loucks Hugh C. Black Mary Lynn Roush Steven R. Radosevich U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, Oregon General Technical Report PNW-GTR-262 October 1990 This bibliography was developed to provide a state-of-the-knowledge resource for Foreword forest land managers and others concerned with animal damage management and as a reference for the authors of a compendium expected in December 1990. The compendium will be titled A Silvicultural Approach to Managing Animal Damage in Pacific Northwest Forests and will be authored by experts in various aspects of an- imal damage management and silviculture. It will provide a synthesis of published information and operational experience for preventing or avoiding most animal dam- age to reforestation and older stands through improved vegetation management and silvicultural practices. It is not intended to supplant traditional methods of animal damage management that rely on protection via direct population reduction, use of barriers, etc., but to emphasize prevention of animal damage, and meet timber, wildlife, and other resource management objectives. The goal of these combined publications is to provide a process for developing integrated silvicultural prescrip- tions to limit animal damage. The compendium will include a historical review of animal damage problems related to reforestation in the Pacific Northwest and the development of methods to control damage, including recent concepts of integrated forest protection. General principles of plant and animal ecology pertaining to stand establishment and stand manage- ment will be included to provide background for both forest and wildlife managers, and other users. Other sections will include chapters on the influence of silvicultural practices on animal habitat and animal damage; influence of forest management practices on wildlife species causing damage to forest stands, including guidelines for managing damage; procedures for developing integrated silvicultural prescriptions to limit animal damage; and social, political, legal, and ethical aspects of animal dam- age management. This "user friendly" publication will provide a basis for sound, cost- effective decisions regarding animal damage management. Charles W. Philpot Station Director Pacific Northwest Research Station Loucks, Donna M.; Black, Hugh C.; Roush, Mary Lynn; Radosevich, Steven R., Abstract tech. coords. 1990. Assessment and management of animal damage in Pacific Northwest forests: an annotated bibliography. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-262. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 371 p. This annotated bibliography of published literature provides a comprehensive source of information on animal damage assessment and management for forest land man- agers and others in the Pacific Northwest. Citations and abstracts from more than 900 papers are indexed by subject and author. The publication complements and supplements A Silvicultural Approach to Animal Damage Management in Pacific Northwest Forests, a compendium focusing on interactions between silviculture and animal damage management. The bibliography compiles the current knowledge and experience about managing animal species causing damage to forest stands, the response of those species to silvicultural practices, and manipulation of silvicultural practices to prevent or limit animal damage. Keywords: Bibliographies (forestry), animal damage, Pacific Northwest. Contents 1 Introduction 1 General 3 Ecology 4 Damage and Management 13 Black Bear 13 General 13 Ecology 22 Damage and Management 27 Deer and Elk 27 General 29 Ecology 126 Damage and Management 147 Mountain Beaver 147 General 148 Ecology 153 Damage and Management 156 Pocket Gophers 156 General 157 Ecology 163 Damage and Management 174 Porcupine 174 General 177 Ecology 180 Damage and Management 180 Rabbits and Hares 180 General 180 Ecology 206 Damage and Management 215 Seed-Eating Mammals 215 General 216 Ecology 249 Damage and Management 257 Voles 257 General 257 Ecology 271 Damage and Management 274 Beaver 274 General 275 Ecology 284 Damage and Management 285 Dusky-Footed Wood rat 285 General 286 Ecology 290 Damage and Management 290 Livestock 290 Damage and Management 296 Grouse 296 Ecology 327 Damage and Management 328 Tree Squirrels 328 General 328 Ecology 336 Damage and Management Introduction Animal damage is an important concern for forest land managers in the Pacific Northwest. This bibliography, scheduled to be published in December 1990, was compiled to provide a comprehensive source of information on animal damage management for practicing foresters and others in this region. The publication will complement and supplement A Silvicultural Approach to Animal Damage Manage- ment in Pacific Northwest Forests, a compendium scheduled to be published in December 1991. The bibliography contains the current prescriptions to limit animal damage. The bibliography contains the current knowledge and experience about managing animal species that cause damage to forest stands, the response of the species to silvicultural practices, and manipulation of silvicultural practices to prevent or limit animal damage. The citations and abstracts from more than 900 papers are organized by animal species and indexed by subject and author. Within each section, citations are grouped into three major topics. Citations in the general section include mono- graphs, symposia, and bibliographies. Citations on the ecology of each species include their life history, activity, population dynamics, feeding habitat requirements, and responses to habitat changes and silvicultural practices. Citations in the damage and management sections include levels and types of animal damage, damage identification and assessment, management tools, and the economics of animal damage and animal damage management. We found the animal damage literature to be broad and diverse. Our greatest concern was to avoid omitting key animal damage literature and, at the same time, to avoid overburdening the bibliography with superfluous references. Most of the citations included in this bibliography pertain to the Pacific Northwest; however, we sometimes included citations from other regions if they were reasonably applicable to the Pacific Northwest. We believe the bibliography is a comprehensive document that includes most of the key current literature on this topic, and that it will provide a useful resource for land managers and researchers who are concerned with managing animal damage in Pacific Northwest forests. General 1. Bailey, Vernon. 1936. The mammals and life zones of Oregon. North Amer. Fauna 55. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey. 416 p. The physiographic features and life zones of Oregon and described, based on field work done by the Bureau of Biological Survey since 1888. For each mammal species, distribution, habitat, general habits, breeding, and food habits are reviewed. 2. Black, Hugh C.; Taber, Richard D. 1977. Mammals in western coniferous forest ecosystems: an annotated bibliography. Bull. 2. Seattle, WA: Coniferous Forest Biome, U.S./International Biological Program. 199 p. Compiled to provide access to the literature on mammals as it pertained to the interest of the Biome investigation. Number of references was limited to 1,000, em- phasizing those in the Pacific Northwest and on productivity and effects of forest manipulation. Arranged alphabetically by author, taxonomic and subject indexes. 1 3. Brown, E. Reade, ed. 1985. Management of wildlife and fish habitats in forests of western Oregon and Washington. Pub. R6-F&WL-192-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 2 vol. 634 p. Summarizes pertinent information concerning fish and wildlife habitats in the man- . aged forests of western Oregon and Washington, shows how these habitats are altered by forest management activities, and discusses some of the alternatives to benefit fish and wildlife that are available to land managers when making decisions concerning the management of timber resources. 4. Carraway, Leslie N.; Verts, B.J. 1982. A bibliography of Oregon mammalogy. Spec. Rep. 644. Corvallis, OR: Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University. 47 p. This bibliography covers published sources of information on Oregon mammals from 1890 to 1980. Bibliographic citations are listed alphabetically, then numbered sequentially.