FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF AULACASPIS : THE CALCARATA SPECIES GROUP Title (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA : DIASPIDIDAE) Author(s) TAKAGI, Sadao Citation Insecta matsumurana. Series entomology. New series, 55: 133-180 Issue Date 1999-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/9893 Type bulletin File Information 55_p133-180.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP INSECTA MATSUMURANA NEW SERIES 55: 133-180 MARCH 1999 FOR A BEITER UNDERSTANDING OF AULACASPIS: THE CALCARATA SPECIES GROUP (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA: DIASPIDIDAE) By SADAO TAKAGI Systematic and Ecological Surveys on Some Plant-parasitic Microarthropods in Southeast Asia, Scientific Report Research Trips for Agricultural and Forest Insects in the Subcontinent of India, Scientific Report No. 54 Abstract TAKAGI, S. 1999. For a better understanding of Aulaeaspis: The ealearata species group (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Ins. matsum. n. s. 55: 133-180,34 figs. The ealearata species group of Aulaeaspis comprises seven species occurring in Southeast Asia,A. ealearata (=A. vitis: Williams and Watson, 1988),A. marginata,A. mesuae,A. ealophylli, A. baukiana,A. mesuarum, andA. pinangiana, spp. nov., which are commonly characterized by having spurlike processes on the pygidium. In the body shape of the full-grown adult female they represent two remarkably different types: five species belong to the rosae type, and the other two to the vitis type. Supposing the rosae type originated from the vitis type, the change can be understood in terms of growth phenomena including acceleration and truncation. The view is adopted that species of the rosae type appeared in parallel among different species groups of Aulaeaspis, and that the division of Aulaeasp is species into the rosae type and the vitis type has no phylogenetic significance. Chionaspis sehizosoma, another species of the vitis type, is transferred to Aulaeaspis, and Superturmaspis and Semiehionaspis, both based on that species nomenclaturally, are synonymized withAulaeaspis. Myrtaspis, gen. nov., with M marginalis, sp. nov., for the type-species, is closely related toAulaeaspis, and is also similar to Chionaspis andNarayanaspis for other reasons. Chionaspis syzygii, Semiehionaspis jombosicola and S. putianensis are transferred to Myrtaspis. Fraseraspis litseae, gen. et sp. nov., is described to afford an example of the emergence of a body shape similar to the rosae type in another lineage. Author s address. c/o Systematic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan. 133 Contents 1. Introduction 2. A description ofAulae asp is 3. The ealearata species group 3.1. Aulaeaspis ealearata, sp. nov. =Aulaeaspis vitis: Williams and Watson, 1988 3.2. Aulaeaspis marginata, sp. nov. 3.3. Aulaeaspis mesuae, sp. nov. 3.4. Aulaeaspis ealophylli, sp. nov. 3.5. Aulaeaspis baukiana, sp. nov. 3.6. Aulaeaspis mesuarum, sp. nov. 3.7. Aulaeaspis pinangiana, sp. nov. 3.8. Second instar larvae 4. Another species referable to Aulaeaspis 4.1. Aulacaspis sehizosoma (Takagi), comb. nov. =Chionaspis sehizosoma Takagi, 1970 4.2. New synonyms ofAulae asp is Aulaeaspis Cockerell, 1893 = Superturmaspis Chen, 1983, syn. nov. =Semiehionaspis Tang, 1986, syn. nov. 5. A new genus related to Aulaeaspis 5.1. Myrtaspis, gen. nov. 5.2. Myrtaspis marginalis, sp. nov. 5.3. Species transferred to Myrtaspis Myrtaspis syzygii (Takagi), comb. nov. =Chionaspis syzygii Takagi, 1985 Myrtaspis jambosieola (Tang), comb. nov. =Semiehionaspis jambosieola Tang, 1986 Myrtaspis putianensis (Tang), comb. nov. =Semiehionaspis putianensis Tang, 1986 6. Notes on Narayanaspis 6.1. New records of Narayan aspis eugeniae 6.2. Relationship to Chionaspis, Myrtaspis, and Aulaeaspis 7. A new genus with a mushroom-shaped body 7.1. Fraseraspis, gen. nov. 7.2. Fraseraspis litseae, sp. nov. 8. Concluding discussions Acknowledgements References Figures 2-34 134 1. INTRoDuCIloN Aulacaspis was named as early as 1893, but it was not until the 1920's that the genus found general acceptance and consensus. Since then it has been understood to comprise chionaspidine species markedly characterized in the adult female by the eminent prosoma, which is swollen into a round or quadrate mass and usually much broader than the succeeding segments of the body. The body outline in these species is, thus, somewhat mushroom­ shaped. In accordance with this understanding, Scott (1952) gave a fine description of the genus based on about 35 species known at that time. Up to the present, some 70 species have been referred to the genus mostly from tropical Asia and warm-temperate eastern Asia. They are fully or substantially conformable to Scott's description of Aula caspis except several species, which are supposed to belong to the genus in spite of their different body shapes. The body shape has long been adopted as a major feature of generic value in the classification of armoured scale insects. However, examples are increasing in which species are remarkably different in body shape but are closely similar in other features. Many species, mostly undescribed, agree with Scott's description of Aulacaspis except for the body shape, which is fusiform or is roughly rhombic at full growth with the mesothorax extraordinarily expanded. These species, in common with the species of Aulacaspis in the traditional concept, have an unusual character: the presence of lateral macro ducts and gland spines on the second and third abdominal segments combined with the absence of these organs on the preceding segments. This character is not a result of general decrease of these organs, because they are usually well represented and often quite numerous on the second and third abdominal segments in spite of their absence on the preceding segments. Apparently this character is more deeply rooted in the organization of body than the body outline, which more or less changes during the growth of the adult female. The view, therefore, was proposed that all these species - mushroom-shaped, fusiform, or rhombic - should be referred to the same genus (Takagi, 1985). Williams and Watson (1988) accepted this view, and Takagi and Williams (1998) referred two rhombic species to Aulacaspis. These latter authors called the mushroom-shaped body 'the rosae type' after the type-species of Aulacaspis and the rhombic body 'the vitis type' after Aulacaspis vitis ( =Chionaspis vitis). A question remains. If the species of the same body shape are more closely related to each other phylogenetically than to any species of the other body shapes, groups formed on the basis of the body shapes can be significant taxonomically. They may be subgenera, but one may also assert that they are closely related genera. In fact, the category subgenus has not universally been used in coccoid taxonomy. The present study approaches the question, with its focus on a small, supposedly natural group of species, which, nevertheless, represents both the rosae type and the vitis type. Thus, this species group - the calcarata species group as called in the following lines - strongly suggests that the division of Aulacaspis species into the rosae type and the vitis type has no phylogenetic significance. No fusiform species are included in the present study, but the case of the calcarata species group suggests that the fusiform body affords no good basis for generic separation, either. In this paper nine new species are described and two new genera are erected. The holotypes, all collected in Malaysia, are deposited in the Entomology Division, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. 135 2. A DESCRIPTION OF AULACASPIS A description of Aulaeaspis as understood above is given below. It is substantially based on Scott's (1952) description, which is modified to accept species other than those of the rosae type. Diaspididae with two-barred macroducts, gland spines, and bilobulate lateral lobes. Median lobes more or less differentiated in shape from lateral lobes, without gland spines between, connected basally by a yoke, which is various in development and sometimes so weak that it is hardly discernible; a pair of setae occurring on mesal sides of bases, but very minute and often hardly discernible except for their basal sockets. Second and third lobes with both lobules well developed, fourth lobes often represented by broad marginal prominences. Marginal macro ducts of pygidium somewhat larger than dorsal macroducts, one on lateroposterior comer of abd III, two on IV-VI each and one on VII. Dorsal macroducts usually arranged in well-defined rows, forming submedian and submarginal series, inner portion of submedian series on anterior segments frequently displaced anteriorly, thus forming inner subseries. Lateral macroducts smaller, these and lateral gland spines occurring on abd II and III but absent on the preceding segments (except for the occasional presence of a few diminished ones on I). Marginal gland spines usually two or more on abd IV, usually single, but in some species two or more, on V-VIII. Anus situated about centre of pygidium and relatively small. Peri vulvar disc pores in five groups, usually numerous. Body fusiform; or roughly rhombic at full growth, with mesothorax enormously expanded; or somewhat mushroom-shaped, with prosoma swollen into a round or quadrate mass and often becoming sclerotized. First instar with five-segmented antennae. 3. THE CALCARATA SPEOES GROUP The species group here dealt with is called the ealcarata species group after one species included.