UNMANNED SYSTEMS IN HOMELAND SECURITY January 2015 01 U.S. Army photo by Staff Sergeant John EtheridgeDVIDS / HOMELAND SECURITY STUDIES AND ANALYSIS INSTITUTE The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Section 305 of PL 107-296, as codified in 6 U.S.C. § 185) authoriz- es the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), acting through the Under Secretary for Science and Technology, to establish one or more federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) to provide independent analysis of homeland security issues. Analytic Services Inc. operates the Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute (HSSAI) as an FFRDC for DHS under contract HSH- QDC-09-D-00003. HSSAI provides the government with the necessary expertise to conduct cross-cutting mission analysis, strategic studies and assessments, development of models that baseline current capabilities, develop- ment of simulations and technical evaluations to evaluate mission trade-offs, creation and evolution of high-level operational and system concepts, development of top-level system and operational require- ments and performance metrics, operational analysis across the homeland security enterprise, and analyt- ic support for operational testing evaluation in tandem with the government’s acquisition process. HSSAI also works with and supports other federal, state, local, tribal, public, and private sector organizations that make up the homeland security enterprise. HSSAI research is undertaken by mutual consent with DHS and is organized as a set of discrete tasks. This report presents the results of research and analysis conducted under Task 14-01.03.01, “Unmanned Systems and the Homeland Security Enterprise.” The results presented in this report do not necessarily reflect official DHS opinion or policy. 02 U.S. Army photo by Staff Sergeant John EtheridgeDVIDS / UNMANNED SYSTEMS IN HOMELAND SECURITY January 2015 Matthew H. Fleming, PhD Samuel J. Brannen Andrew G. Mosher Bryan Altmire Andrew Metrick Meredith Boyle Richard Say1 Subcontractor: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 1 Fleming, Altmire, and Mosher are with the Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute, a not-for-profit federally funded research and development center operated by Analytic Services Inc. on behalf of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Brannen, Metrick, Boyle, and Say are with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a bipartisan not-for-profit think tank. Corresponding author’s e-mail address: [email protected]. i For information about this publication or other HSSAI research, contact HOMELAND SECURITY STUDIES AND ANALYSIS INSTITUTE Analytic Services Incorporated 5275 Leesburg Pike, Suite N-5000 Falls Church, VA 22041 Tel (703) 416-3229 • Fax (703) 379-2556 www.homelandsecurity.org Publication Number: RP14-01.03.01-03 ii Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................vi Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................ix I. Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 II. Research Question, Methodology, and Scope ....................................................................3 III. An Overview of Unmanned Systems ..................................................................................5 IV. Current Use in the HSE .....................................................................................................17 A. DHS ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 B. Department of Defense ......................................................................................................................22 C. Other Federal Departments and Agencies118 .....................................................................................23 D. State and Local First Responders .......................................................................................................23 E. Private Sector ....................................................................................................................................... 24 V. Future Requirements .........................................................................................................25 VI. Constraints ........................................................................................................................35 A. Privacy ..................................................................................................................................................36 B. First Amendment Rights .....................................................................................................................43 C. Safety ....................................................................................................................................................46 D. Cost ...................................................................................................................................................... 51 E. Other .................................................................................................................................................... 51 VII. Implications .......................................................................................................................53 VIII. Conclusions and Thoughts for Future Research ...............................................................57 Appendix I. State Laws on the Use of Unmanned Systems .......................................................59 Appendix II. Working Group Participants and Interviewees ....................................................65 Endnotes .....................................................................................................................................69 iii iv FOREWORD Unmanned systems are suited to a range of new and beneficial uses in homeland security. At the same time, a variety of legal, regulatory, and societal issues constrain these uses. To effectively weigh pros and cons, and to consider potential threats, careful and dispassionate study is essential. We believe that this report by the Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute and the Center for Strategic and International Studies is an important step in that direction. We have been happy to serve as the senior advisory committee during the compilation of this report, and we endorse its findings and recommendations. John Hamre President and CEO, Center for Strategic and International Studies Michael C. Kostelnik Major General, United States Air Force (ret.) James M. Loy Admiral, United States Coast Guard (ret.), Senior Counselor, The Cohen Group Silvestre Reyes Former U.S. Representative, Texas 16th District Frances Fragos Townsend Former Assistant to President George W. Bush for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism v U.S. Air Force photo by TSgt. Jeremy M. Call ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors received invaluable input from a large number of individuals from government, industry, and academia, and for that they are truly grateful. In particular, the authors wish to thank the members of the study’s senior advisory committee, as well as Philip Anderson and Richard Kohout (Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute) and Kathleen H. Hicks, Robert Wise, and Tracy Nelson (Center for Strategic and International Studies). vi U.S. Air Force photo by TSgt. Jeremy M. Call Acronyms ABSAA Airborne sense and avoid ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast AUVSI Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International CBP U.S. Customs and Border Protection (DHS) CBRNE Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive CEO Chief executive officer COA Certificate of Waiver or Authorization COCO Company owned, company operated COTS Commercial off-the shelf CPFH Cost per flight hour CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies CT Counterterrorism DHS Department of Homeland Security DoD Department of Defense DOJ Department of Justice DSCA Defense Support to Civil Authorities EO/IR Electro-optical/infrared EOD Explosive ordinance disposal FAA Federal Aviation Administration (DOT) FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (DOJ) FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency (DHS) FMRA FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 GAO Government Accountability Office GBSAA Ground based sense and avoid GOGO Government owned, government operated GPS Global positioning system vii U.S. Navy photo by John Williams F. / DVIDS Acronyms HALE High-altitude long-endurance HD Homeland Defense HRI Human-robot-interface HSE Homeland security enterprise HSSAI Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute IMU Inertial measurement unit ISR Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance LOS Line of sight NAS National Airspace System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NICCP National Interdiction Command and Control Plan NIJ National Institute of Justice (DOJ) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OAM Office