The Mystery of Louis Verrey (185L-1916) Semir Zeki <?Le centre du sens c/rromaiigue se trouverait dans /a partie /a jo/us in/erieure du Zo6e occipita/, proiaMement dans Zajsartie posterieure des p/is /ingua/ et/usi/orme«' L. Larrey, SUMMARY 7n IS88, Louis kerrey, a Swiss ojo/if/ioimoZogist, stated emp/iaticaZZy t/iat t/iere is a "centre/br t/ie cftromatic sense" in t/ie Ziuman brain and tftat it is Zocated in t/ie ZinguaZ and/usi/orm gyri. 77e did not, Ztowever, consider t/ie "coZour centre" to 6e a separate area bat a Zarge sub-düusion 0/t/ieprimary eisuaZ corte«. 77is evidence was quic/cZy dismissed and/orgollen. 7f was not to Z>e taZcen seriousZy again untiZ a/ter t/ie e^perimenfaZ discooery 0/ /unctionaZ speciaZization in t/te mon/cey brain. T/tis paper considers wZiy it is t/tat kerrey did not consider t/ie "coZour centre" to be a separate corticaZ area, distinct/rom t/ieprimary visuaZ cortex, w/iy Ztis eiudence was so guickZy and e^ectioeZy dismissed, and w/iy it is t/tat kerrey did notpursue tZie Zogic o/* Ziis Rindings. Nothing about Louis Yerrey's life or career suggests that he might have been the source of a revolutionary idea about the brain, one that was so far ahead of its time that even he missed its significance. It was perhaps his misfortune, as well as that of the subject, that everyone eise missed the significance of his finding as well. He is not a household name in neurology. The few who refer to him at all usually give his initial as D., for no better reason than that his best known publication is "par Ze 7)r. kerrey" and does not carry his initials. Yet that paper is no mean contribution to neurology. It confidently asserts that there is a separate colour centre in the brain. With equal confidence it gives the location ofthat centre. But there is no follow-up to the paper, no attempt to defend himself against those who believed that the notion of a colour centre in the brain was an absurdity, no hint that he saw the enormous consequences for understanding the functioning of the brain, no attempt to probe deeper into why there should be a separate colour 96 Gesnerus 50 (1993) 96-112 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 01:50:36AM via free access Portrait 0/ Louis J^rrey f iÖ54-i9J6^, courtesy 0/ Dr. J.-D. I^rrey, great granc/son 0/ Louis T'errey anc/, Zi/ee /lim, au op/it/ia/mo/ogistpracticiug iu Lausanne. 77iis constitutes an uninterrupteeZ /ine 0/ op/it/ia/mo/ogists/rora Louis £0 t/ie presen£ f/ay. centre. The biographer of Yerrey is thus faced with a triple puzzle. Why did Verrey have the confidence to write as he did, though never to defend his finding against its detractors Why, having such confidence in his finding, did he not pursue its logic and enquire more deeply into its significance And why was it apparently so easy for other neurologists to dismiss his findings and relegate them to oblivion A glance at his picture f Fig. i suggests immediately what he really was, a thoughtful and cultured man, one not lacking in confidence, indeed a pillar of Swiss society. Born into the high bourgeoisie of Switzerland, the son of an architect, he was a clinician by training, meticulous in his habits, outward looking, much interested in the affairs of his society and of the world, a caring parent and an accomplished musician. He was, above all, a man concerned with the welfare of his patients, to whom he gave his Services freely. A hazy sketch ^ is all that we have of his life. Born in 1854 at Melun 97 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 01:50:36AM via free access into a family of architects, he terminated his secondary education in Lau- sänne in 1873 with a baccalaureat in science and mathematics. He was later to study medicine, first at Erlangen and then at Leipzig, where he obtained his medical degree in 1877. He seems to have had an obsession with collecting medical certificates which would allow him to practice freely both in Swit- zerland and abroad. Thus, following a stay in Geneva (where he obtained a degree in medical sciences) and in Basel (where he obtained his State diploma of medicine in 1879), he spent eighteen months in London where he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Anxious to be able to practice in France, he obtained the necessary qualifications (at Besan^on). To the very end, Verrey used to make a weekly j ourney to Pontarlier to treat his French patients. But this obsession did not have peeuniary ends. On the contrary, alongside his private pratice, he gave his Services freely in Lau- sänne where he was at first the assistant of the then eminent ophthalmolo- gist, Marc Dufour, at the ylsi/e des At>eug/es. In 1887, he established himself in Neuchätel where, amongst his patients, was the lady who had suffered from an hemiachromatopsia, and who was to bring him such fame as he has. It was in 1892 that he settled definitively in Lausanne where, at the C/wigue de Bois-Cei^ he cared freely for hundreds of patients per year. It was also in the same year that he obtained the title of prirat-docent from the University of Lausanne. Concepts of the cortical processes in vision in Verrey's time When Verrey published his paper in 1888, the idea that there might be a colour centre in the brain had already been mooted, though never convinc- ingly. To understand the resistance to his views and to understand, too, why he never pursued the logical consequence of his finding, it is necessary to consider briefly the then current views of vision as a process and of the role of the cerebral cortex in it. At that time and until the last decade neurologists and neurobiologists of vision had adopted, usually without even knowing it, a deeply philosophical idea about the brain. They had come to believe that vision involved two more or less independent processes. One was the some- what passive process of "seeing". This involved, so they believed, the passive reception by the cerebral cortex of the visual "impressions" formed on the retina. The other, active, process involved a comparison of the "received visual impressions" with previous "impressions" of a similar kind, leading to 98 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 01:50:36AM via free access the understanding of what was "seen". As well, they supposed that each process has a separate cortical locus. It is difficult to trace the precise origins of this doctrine. But it is obvious that it bears a strong resemblance to Immanuel Kant's belief in the two Faculties of Sensing and Understanding, the former being a passive, and the latter an active, process. Whatever the origins, the consequences were clear. Neurologists believed that they could not begin to study the second process, that of understanding what was seen, until they had studied the first process, that of seeing. The main effort therefore was to chart the limits and extent of the "seeing" cortex, the part of the cerebral cortex which receives the retinal "impressions" and study the manner in which the retina is connected to the cortex. This "seeing" cortex had to receive all the visual impressions which, neurologists of the day believed, consisted of the three separate sensations, of light, of form and of colour. Magitot and Hartmann wrote in their detailed review *: «La mise en action du processus visuel comporte trois groupes de sensations: Sensation brüte de lumiere, discrimination des formes, Sensation chromatique. Les recuperations fonctionnelles apres cecite corticale due ä une traumatisation cranienne, mettent en evidence ces differentes qualites de la Sensation.» The notion that, in neurological terms, colour could be regarded as a separate visual attribute, even though it was considered to be nothing more than a visual "impression", to be received by the same visual area as the other attributes of vision, derived from the common Observation that, following lesions of the occipital cortex, colour could be more severely affected than other attributes of vision. Neurologists were conspicuously uninterested to enquire why this should be so. Much more impressive to them was the more common total blindness which resulted from occipital lesions, a condition in which all the attributes of vision were lost. Thus, Marie and Chatelin, the French neurologists, wrote®: «II est, en effet, classique de considerer rhemiachromatopsie comme resultant d'une lesion legere de la sphere visuelle ou des radiations.» For over a Century, the same trite explanation was given for this phenome- non, without any attempt to enquire more deeply into why this should be so. In 1926 Magitot and Hartmann wrote U «La perception coloree est plus fragile encore que la perception des formes et un trouble, si leger soit-il, entraine, lorsqu'il est decelable, une hemiachromatopsie totale ou partielle.» In 1939, Monbrun asserted with similar confidence®: 99 Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 01:50:36AM via free access «La vision des couleurs est absolument superposable ä la vision des formes [...] dans la projection corticale de la retine [...] L'hemiachromatopsie ne peut etre realisee que si la fonction de reception ou de conduction n'est pas supprimee, mais simplement legerement atteinte.» Gordon Holmes, whose originality as a worker and a thinker has been much over-rated, wrote in 1945': "Mild lesions of the visual cortex which do not abolish perception of light frequently disturb colour vision; there is no evidence that [colour vision] is subserved by any other region of the brain [besides the visuo-sensory cortex]." Even as late as 1960, Teuber and his colleagues reflected these vague views with confidence, and without any hint of doubt.