DO^//- W00/97S Final Report ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RADIATION EXPERIMENTS DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or "responsi• bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer• ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom• mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 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Contents Introduction 1 Federal Records of Human Radiation Experiments 3 Overview 3 Agency Records 7 Legislative Branch Records 58 Other Federal Sources 59 Nonfederal Sources 75 Institutional Sources 75 Organizations and Individuals 78 State Governments 80 Additional Sources 80 ACHRE Research Projects 83 Interviews 83 Surveys 87 ACHRE Information Collections 91 Overview of Resource Selection, Review and Management 91 Research Document Collection 95 Advisory Committee Records 97 Experiments File 109 ACHRE Bibliography 112 Other Information Collections 113 ACHRE Gopher and World Wide Web Home Page 113 National Archives Deposit 113 Attachments iii ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RADIATION EXPERIMENTS 1726 M STREET, N.W., SUITE 600 WASHINGTON,D.C. 20036 October 1995 To the Members of the Human Radiation Interagency Working Group: Secretary Hazel O'Leary, Department of Energy Secretary William Perry, Department of Defense Attorney General Janet Reno, Department of Justice Secretary Donna Shalala, Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Jesse Brown, Department of Veterans Affairs Director Alice Rivlin, Office of Management and Budget Director John Deutch, Central Intelligence Agency Administrator Daniel Goldin, National Aeronautics and Space Administration On behalf of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, it is my privilege to transmit to you our Final Report. Since the Committee's first meeting in April 1994 we have been able to conduct an intensive inquiry into the history of government-sponsored human radiation experiments and intentional environmental releases of radiation that occurred between 1944 and 1974. We have studied the ethical standards of that time and of today and have developed a moral framework for evaluating these experiments. Finally, we have examined the extent to which current policies and practices appear to protect the rights and interests of today's human subjects. This report documents our findings and makes recommendations for your consideration. The committee listened to the testimony of more than 200 public witnesses who appeared before us. We are deeply grateful to all these witnesses, who overcame the obstacles of geography and emotions to assist us. Our work and this report would not have been possible without the extraordinary effort the President and you put forward to open the government's records to our inquiry and thus to the nation. We are especially pleased that, through our joint efforts, the American people now have access to the tens of thousands of documents that bear on this important history. None of our conclusions came easily. We endeavored, both as individuals and as a committee, to live up to the responsibility with which we were entrusted. This report represents the consensus of fair-minded people who gave the best they had to offer to their fellow citizens. We thank President Clinton for this opportunity and for his courage and leadership in appointing the Advisory Committee. Ruth R. Faden Chair, Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments ® Printed with soy Ink on recycled paper Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Ruth R. Faden. Ph.D.. M.P.H.-Chair Philip Franklin Wagley Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Director The Bioethics Institute Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland Senior Research Scholar Kennedy Institute of Ethics Georgetown University Washington, D.C. Kenneth R. Feinberg, J.D. Nancy L. Oleinick, Ph.D. Kenneth R. Feinberg & Associates Professor of Radiation Biochemistry Washington, D.C. Division of Radiation Biology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Eli Glatstein, M.D. Cleveland, Ohio Professor and Chair Department of Radiation Oncology Henry D. Royal, M.D. The University of Texas Professor of Radiology Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Associate Director; Division of Nuclear Medicine Dallas, Texas Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University Medical Center Jay Katz, M.D. St. Louis, Missouri Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor Emeritus of Law, Medicine and Psychiatry Philip K. Russell, M.D. Harvey L. Karp Professorial Lecturer in Law Professor, Department of International Health and Psychoanalysis Johns Hopkins University Yale Law School School of Hygiene and Public Health New Haven, Connecticut Baltimore, Maryland Patricia A. King, J.D. Mary Ann Stevenson, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Law Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology Georgetown University Law Center Joint Center for Radiation Therapy Washington, D.C. Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Susan E. Lederer, Ph.D. Associate Professor Deputy Chief Department of Humanities New England Deaconess Hospital The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Department of Radiation Oncology Hershey, Pennsylvania Boston, Massachusetts Ruth Macklin, Ph.D. Duncan C. Thomas, Ph.D. Professor of Bioethics Director, Biostatistics Division Department of Epidemiology & Social Medicine Department of Preventive Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine University of Southern California School of Medicine Bronx, New York Los Angeles, California Lois L. Norris Reed V. Tuckson, M.D. Second Vice President of Omaha National Bank President and Omaha National Corporation (Retired) Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science Omaha, Nebraska Los Angeles, California Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Dan Guttman Executive Director Jeffrey Kahn Anna Mastroianni Associate Director Associate Director Stephen Klaidman Sarah Flynn Director of Communications Editor Counselor to the Committee Staff* Senior Policv and Research Analysts Research Associates Barbara Bemey Miriam Bowling James David Praveen Fernandes John Harbert Sara Chandros Hull Gregg Herken Valerie Hurt Jonathan Moreno John Kruger Ronald Neumann Ellen Lee Gary Stern Shobita Parthasarathy Jeremy Sugarman Noel Theodosiou Donald Weightman Gilbert Whittemore Information Services David Saumweber, Director Research Analysts Robin Cochran, Librarian Jonathan Engel Tom Wisner, Senior Technology Patrick Fitzgerald Consultant Mark Goodman Deborah Holland Communications and Outreach Denise Holmes Lanny Keller Michael Jasny Kristin Crotty Gail Javitt Wilhelmine Miller Committee and Staff Affairs Patricia Perentesis Jerry Garcia Kathy Taylor Jeanne Kepper Sandra Thomas Faith Weiss Consultants Jeffrey Botkin Suzanne White Junod Allen Buchanan Nancy Kass Gwen Davis Charles McCarthy Gail Geller Monica Schoch-Spana Steve Goodman Patricia Stewart-Henney Jon Harkness John Till Rebecca Lowen E.W. Webster *includes both full-time and part-time staff SUPPLEMENTAL VOLUME 2 SOURCES AND DOCUMENTATION 1 INTRODUCTION A he Advisory Committee on Human Radiation