Critical Issues in Justice and Politics Volume 10 Number 1 August 2017 ISSN 1940-3186 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES Southern Utah University Copyright © 2017 Critical Issues in Justice and Politics ISBN XXX-X-XXX-XXXXX-X All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted, or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from Critical Issues in Justice and Politics. The journal Critical Issues in Justice and Politics is an academic extension of the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice at Southern Utah University. Editorial Contents: The contents of each article are the views, opinions, or academic inferences of the individual article author(s). Publication of each article may not reflect the views or positions of the journal, the Department, or Southern Utah University. All material is published within the spirit of academic freedom and the concepts of free press. CONTENTS 2 Jeanne Subjack & Bryan Burton A Note from the Editors 4 Adam Ghazi-Tehrani, Lindsey K. Williams, Yujing Fun & Henry N. Pontell State Legitimacy and Government Crime: The China-Japan Rare Earth Element Case 15 Yongsok Kim, Jeong Lim Kim, MoonKee Kim & Brittany Rodriguez Which Factors Are Influential in Forming Students’ Perceptions of School Resource Officers (SROs)? 27 Richard L. Bairett Jr., Delane Smith, Luke Mitchell & Jed Townsend Local Law Enforcement Survey on Community Involvement and Public Safety Perceptions 45 Daniel Ryan Kavish Policy Implications of Contemporary Labeling Theory Research 55 Brittany M. Rodriguez, Jeong L. Kim & Yongsok Kim Evaluation of Prison Pre-Release Facility Program: What Effect Do These Programs Have on Offender Success in Texas 71 Ryan M. Yonk, Shauna Reilly, Brian Webb & Barrett Anderson Barriers to Participation: Factors Associated with the Choice of Presidential Preliminary Election Processes 81 Kutluerk Karademir, Michael D. Wiatrowski, Jeong L. Kim & James J. Vardalis Democratic Policing and Organizational Learning in UN Police Missions 97 Allen Copenhaver, Angie Schwendau & Richard Tewksbury Southern Legislative Candidates’ Expressions of Support for Criminal Justice Issues: The Internet and Politics 113 Submission Information and Guidelines 1 Editorial Office Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice Southern Utah University 351 University Blvd., GC 406 Cedar City, UT 84720 Phone: 435-586-5429 | Fax: 435-586-1925 University website: www.suu.edu Department website: www.suu.edu/hss/polscj Journal website: www.suu.edu/hss/polscj/CIJP Editors Dr. Jeanne Subjack Dr. Bryan Burton Editorial Board at Southern Utah University Douglas Bennett, JD Department Chair Criminal Justice Political Science Daniel Swanson, MA Dr. Angela E. Pool-Funai Delane Smith, MPA Dr. Ravi Roy Christine Taylor, JD Dr. Michael Stathis Kevan Jacobson, JD Dr. Rick Bairett Randy Allen, JD The Critical Issues in Justice and Politics editorial board extends its deepest gratitude to the external reviewers who assisted with this edition of the journal. Proceeds from the sale of this journal support the Political Science and Criminal Justice Scholarship Fund. For a convenient way to support the scholarship directly, please visit suu.edu/ ad/advancement/giving and designate the departmental scholarship with your gift. Your support is greatly appreciated. 2 A Note from the Editors Our goal at Southern Utah University is to ensure that our undergraduate and graduate students have an experiential education. It is our ultimate job to equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills to address social problems outside the classroom. The purpose of education, in our opinion, is to produce graduates who are more ethical, enlightened and who possess the applicable knowledge to solve practical problems. With this goal in mind, the editors would like to invite faculty members, practitioners, doctoral and master’s students to submit their original works for review to future editions of Critical Issues in Justice and Politics. Critical Issues in Justice and Politics serves as a forum for inquiring minds to delve into the topics that ail modern society. This edition addresses regional and international concerns as well as broader matters of navigating public policy and politics in an increasingly diverse and complex society. On behalf of the rest of the editorial board at Southern Utah University, we thank you for your support of Critical Issues in Justice and Politics. We hope you enjoy the articles included in this edition and invite you to submit your articles to Jeanne Subjack ([email protected]) and Bryan Burton ([email protected]). We lastly wish to thank Rohn Solomon, Director of University Design & Photo Services, and Amos Martineau, Student Graphic Designer, for their excellent work in designing the layout of the journal. Sincerely, Dr. Jeanne Subjack Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice Editor, Critical Issues in Justice and Politics Dr. Bryan Burton Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice Editor, Critical Issues in Justice and Politics 3 State Legitimacy and Government Crime: The China-Japan Rare Earth Element Case Dr. Adam Ghazi-Tehrani ABSTRACT (Corresponding Author) Assistant Professor n September 2010, China suddenly suspended Department of Criminology rare earth exports to Japan following yet and Criminal Justice another dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku University of Alabama Oislands. This action thrust China into the regional [email protected] and global spot-light because it looked like a blatant abuse of international trading agreements. Discussion of the event lead to two questions: one, if the Chinese Lindsey K. Williams government intended to use the rare earth element event Department of Criminology, Law & Society for political gain, why then did it not establish the link University of California, Irvine more firmly? Two, the fluctuation in Chinese rare earth exports jeopardized China’s reputation as a secure and stable supplier of rare earth metals, so why act recklessly? Dr. Yujing Fun Research on state crime and political accounts – elements Visiting Scholar missing in discussions on this issue thus far – are used Department of Sociology to demonstrate that the data from both sides may cor- Hong Kong Baptist University roborate an alternative explanation. We assert that the World Trade Organization (WTO)-defying re-action from the Chinese government emanated from the need to Dr. Henry N. Pontell rebuff Japan and thus maintain domestic legitimacy even Distinguished Professor and Chair though such behavior would put China at risk of being Department of Sociology sanctioned by the WTO. John Jay College of Criminal Justice 4 Introduction with Japan even occurred. Thus, the cessation of exports after the dispute was an unfortunate coincidence rather than an On September 2010, China suddenly suspended rare enforced embargo. earth exports to Japan following yet another dispute over the These objections are questionable on a number of grounds Diaoyu/Senkaku islands. This action thrust China into the that will be examined in this paper. Research on state crime regional and global spotlight because it looked like a blatant and political accounts – elements missing in discussions on abuse of international trading agreements. At the time, China this issue thus far – are used to demonstrate that the data explained that it never issued a formal directive and had from both sides may corroborate an alternative explanation. little control over its rare earth industry (despite anecdotal We assert that the WTO-defying reaction from the Chinese and circumstantial evidence to the contrary). Ting (2010) for government emanated from the need to rebuff Japan and thus instance, reasons: maintain domestic legitimacy even though such behavior would put China at risk of being sanctioned by the WTO. To better grasp this interpretation, it is helpful to return to the In China, there are 32 companies with a license foundation of Chinese legitimacy. to export rare earth metals, of which 10 are foreign owned. Although Japan’s detention of the Chinese trawler captain may have roused the ire of Chinese firms, it is hard to see why Theoretical Background foreign-owned companies would react likewise… Chinese political legitimacy, including the right and It would be an unlikely coincidence were all 32 acceptance of Party authority, represents an interesting and firms, with no prior planning, to decide to cease fruitful area of study (Chu, 2000; Holbig, 2006; Hsu, 2001) exports simultaneously. and scholars tend to agree that Party legitimacy is a carefully manipulated resource within China. For example, strict media controls were used to maintain legitimacy during (and after) The 2010 rare earth suspension event can be accounted the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown of mass student for only if some Chinese government intervention were protests. The Tiananmen crackdown, better known as the acknowledged. Because rare earth elements are essential to June Fourth (6/4) Incident in China, refers to the violent the high-tech Japanese economy, reducing these resources suppression of a student-led popular movement that lasted significantly starved Japan of input elements and hurt its over 1½ months in 1989. Outside mainland China, the event is economy. Compounded by the World Trade Organization’s remembered as an instance showing the Chinese government’s (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body’s 2014 findings that China willingness to use military force against its own