The Decade of the Great War <UN> <UN> The Decade of the Great War Japan and the Wider World in the 1910s Edited by Tosh Minohara Tze-ki Hon Evan Dawley LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> Cover illustration: Shashinkiroku: Nihongaikōshi (Tokyo: Nihotoshosenta, 2007), p. 111. (background); http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/93517421/. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540, USA (foreground) The decade of the Great War : Japan and the wider world in the 1910s / edited by Tosh Minohara, Tze-ki Hon, Evan Dawley. pages cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-27001-5 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-27427-3 (e-book) 1. Japan--Foreign relations--1912-1926. 2. Japan--Foreign relations--1868-1912. I. Minohara, Toshihiro, 1971- editor, author. II. Hon, Tze-Ki, 1958- editor, author. III. Dawley, Evan N., editor, author. DS885.48.D43 2014 940.3’2252--dc23 2014010479 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. isbn 978-90-04-27001-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-27427-3 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi List of Tables xiv List of Figures xv List of Volume Editors and Contributors xviii Japan and the Wider World in the Decade of the Great War: Introduction 1 Tosh Minohara, Tze-ki Hon and Evan Dawley Section 1 Diplomacy and Foreign Relations The Clash of Pride and Prejudice: The Immigration Issue and US-Japan Relations in the 1910s 21 Tosh Minohara From Alliance to Conference: The British Empire, Japan and Pacific Multilateralism, 1911-1921 45 John D. Meehan Out with the New and in with the Old: Uchida Yasuya and the Great War as a Turning Point in Japanese Foreign Affairs 64 Rustin B. Gates The Imperial Japanese Navy and the First World War: Unprecedented Opportunities and Harsh Realities 83 J. Charles Schencking Securing the Maritime Trade: Triangular Frictions between the Merchant Marines of the US, UK and Japan 107 Masato Kimura From Cooperation to Conflict: Japanese-Russian Relations from the Formation of the Russo-Japanese Entente to the Siberian Intervention 130 Isao Chiba The Wilson Administration and the Mandate Question in the Pacific: Struggle among the Powers over the Disposition of Former German Colonies 149 Shusuke Takahara <UN> vi contents What Peace Meant to Japan: The Changeover at Paris in 1919 168 Tadashi Nakatani A New Look at Japan’s Twenty-One Demands: Reconsidering Katō Takaaki’s Motives in 1915 189 Sōchi Naraoka Japan as a Distant Friend: Scandinavian Countries Adjusting to Japan’s Emergence as a Great Power 211 Bert Edström The Making of a European Friend: Japan’s Recognition of Independent Poland 231 Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska Friends in Opposite Camps or Enemies from Afar: Japanese and Ottoman Turkish Relations in the Great War 257 Selçuk Esenbel Section 2 National and Transnational Networks Women on the Move: Shifting Patterns in Migration and the Colonization of Taiwan 281 Evan Dawley The Great War and Urban Crisis: Conceptualizing the Industrial Metropolis in Japan and Britain in the 1910s 301 Susan C. Townsend Gender and the Great War: Tsuda Umeko’s Role in Institutionalizing Women’s Education in Japan 323 Chika Shinohara The Science Room as an Archive: Taishō Japan and WWI 349 Hiromi Mizuno Of World History and Great Men: A Japanese Village and its Worlds 372 Martin Dusinberre Buddhism and the Twenty-One Demands: The Politics Behind the International Movement of Japanese Buddhists 394 Yoshiko Okamoto Railroad Workers and World War I: Labor Hygiene and the Policies of Japanese National Railways 415 Chaisung Lim <UN> contents vii Sovereignty and Imperial Hygiene: Japan and the 1919 Cholera Epidemic in East Asia 439 Yuehtsen Juliette Chung Fighting on Two Fronts: Japan’s Involvement in the Siberian Intervention and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 461 Sumiko Otsubo Changing Mutual Perceptions of China-Japan Relations in the 1910s in Chinese and Japanese Textbooks 481 Caroline Rose Global Competition for Power and Wealth: The Chinese Views of the World before and after the Great War 504 Tze-ki Hon Compiled Bibliography 521 Index 532 <UN> Preface The genesis of this project, almost a decade ago, can be traced back to the time when I was on sabbatical leave at the Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies, St. Antony’s College, University of Oxford. A memo dated July 2006 indicates the initial ideas that I had jotted down, regarding the launch of a collaborative research project that would bring together a group of international scholars who would join me in reassessing what the 1910s meant for Japan. The catalyst of this project, after arriving in Oxford in September 2005, was my realization of the deeply profound impact that the Great War had upon Britain. As a scholar primarily concerned with US-Japan relations, in my mind, the “War” had always been the Second World War, in particular the Pacific theater of that conflict. My time spent in Britain, in addition to my frequent travels to numer- ous other countries in Europe, had allowed me for the first time to properly grasp a sense of the magnitude of the Great War. Even the smallest town had some sort of commemoration of the First World War. The same was not true about the Second World War, which saw its most brutal fighting on the Eastern Front and on the islands of the Pacific. Despite its nomenclature, being the first “World War,” scholarship of this global conflict has for a large part been placed in a wholly European context. This seemed awkward to me as it seemed that it did not reflect the true nature of the War, since it had also brought forth a tremendous wave of transforma- tion in East Asia. As a matter of fact, it was the Great War that had launched Japan as an economic and military power, and by 1919 she was a proud member of the Big Five powers. So, thus began the process of putting together a viable team of highly competent and ambitious scholars, which ended up becoming twenty-three in all. The chapters that follow are the fruits of their dedication and labor. Many of the contributors are scholars that I had met and come to respect during my two years residing in Britain and the Netherlands. However, the sheer scope of this project simply made it impossible for a single individual to manage. To this end, I was extremely fortunate to be able to enlist the assis- tance of Professor Hon Tze-ki, whom I had met during my tenure as a visiting professor to the International Institute for Asian Studies at the University of Leiden. As a specialist on China, Professor Hon was able to fill in the wide gaps that existed in my expertise. Surrounded by the scenic canals and windmills of Leiden, and over a glass of beer, together we drafted a detailed project proposal and began the process of contacting prospective contributors. At the same time we also arrived at the conclusion that the project would benefit through <UN> x preface the addition one other project manager, who would also be our third and final co-editor. Finding the perfect individual for such a task was not difficult, for Professor Evan Dawley had always been a highly reliable and capable scholar, from the time I first met him when he was a graduate student at Harvard. Over the years, he has not only become a good friend, but has also contributed to my past projects, the most recent being the publication of Tumultuous Decade: Empire, Society, and Diplomacy in 1930s Japan, University of Toronto Press, 2013. Therefore, this volume is very much the outcome of the three editors working closely together as a team, along with the contributors. <UN> Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to extend my greatest appreciation to my two capable co-editors, Professors Hon and Dawley, for without their wisdom and support, this book would never have seen the light of day. By working on this project over the span of nearly six years, we came to appreciate and learn from our differences in our approaches to the study of history. We were also cogni- zant of the fact that if we combined our strengths, we could create a multidis- ciplinary (and international) volume that would illuminate Japan during the decade of the Great War in a new light. So with Professors Hon and Dawley onboard, the very first project meeting was held in the quaint town of Geneseo, located in upstate New York, during September 2008.