Utilization of Solar Energy in Liljeholmskajen Madeleine Beck - Johannes Verweyen Bachelor of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI-2012-018 BSC SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Bachelor of Science Thesis EGI-2012-018 BSC Utilization of Solar Energy in Liljeholmskajen Madeleine Beck Johannes Verweyen Approved Examiner Supervisor Date 2012-06-11 Catharina Erlich Nenad Glodic Commissioner Contact person Department of Energy Technology, KTH Abstract For the sustainable development of society it is crucial to find a way to decrease dependency on fossil fuels. Buildings today are big energy-consumers making this sector an important one to examine and develop further. This thesis investigates the possibility of using solar energy in Liljeholmskajen, a district in Stockholm, by considering technical, economic and environment aspects of its implementation. This report analyses different technologies for solar energy, with its focus on thermal collectors, thin film panels and monocrystalline cells. The analysis covers factors such as the efficiency, longevity, and specific constraints for the system. Further the area of Liljeholmskajen is studied, with a focus on the energy requirements. The analysis is based on three different buildings, which are chosen to be representative for the district. Based on this analysis, the total energy demand that could be met by each type of solar energy can be assessed, and their respective costs of implementation calculated. Based on these results conclusions are drawn, including how solar energy could be used in the area in the most effective way. This report suggests that the best solution today would be a combination of solar thermal collectors and thin film panels, although this also depends on the size of the possible investment. Furthermore for the future, if the existing rock-caverns in the area were converted into heat storage facilities, the heat storage wouldn’t be a limiting factor for thermal collectors anymore, and an increased usage of thermal collectors would therefore be recommended. II Sammanfattning För att uppnå en hållbar samhällsutveckling är det i dagsläget mycket viktigt att försöka hitta en lösning på hur man ska minska beroendet av fossila bränslen. En av de stora energiförbrukarna i dagens samhälle är alla byggnader, vilket gör denna sektor till ett viktigt föremål för vidareutveckling. Denna rapport undersöker möjligheterna för en eventuell användning av solenergi i Liljeholmskajen, en stadsdel i södra Stockholm, genom att ta i beaktning både teknik, ekonomi och miljöaspekter. Rapporten analyserar olika teknologier för användning av solenergi, med tyngdpunkten på termiska solfångare samt tunnfilms- och monokristallina solceller. Analysen omfattar områden såsom verkningsgrad, livslängd och systemspecifika begränsningar. Vidare studeras även Liljeholmskajen och dess energibehov. Analysen baseras på tre olika byggnader som kan anses vara representativa för stadsdelen. Detta leder sedan till att det totala energibehovet i Liljeholmskajen som kan täckas med hjälp av respektive teknik, samt deras investeringskostnader kan beräknas. Utifrån de erhållna resultaten har en slutsats dragits, vilken påvisar hur man på bästa sätt skulle kunna använda sig av solenergi i Liljeholmskajen. I dagsläget vore en kombination av solfångare och tunnfilms celler att rekommendera, men det är även beroende av hur stor investering man kan göra. Om man i framtiden skulle omvandla bergrummen som finns i området till värmelager så skulle inte längre lagringsmöjligheterna vara en begränsande faktor för solfångarsystem. Detta skulle innebära att en ökad användning av solfångare vore att rekommendera. III List of contents ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... II SAMMANFATTNING ......................................................................................................... III LIST OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... IV ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................... VI ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... VI NOMENCLATURE ......................................................................................................................... VI 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Aims of the project .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.3 Constraints ........................................................................................................................... 2 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 3 2.1 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Solar panels ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1.1 Silicon solar panels ...................................................................................... 6 2.1.1.2 Excitonic solar panels ................................................................................... 6 2.1.1.3 Thin film solar panels ................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Solar thermal collector energy systems ............................................................................... 7 2.1.2.1 Low temperature solar thermal collectors ....................................................... 8 2.1.2.2 Medium temperature solar thermal collectors .................................................. 8 2.1.2.3 High temperature solar thermal collectors ..................................................... 10 2.1.3 Solar pond .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.4 Storage .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 UTILIZATION OF SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS IN SWEDEN AND IN STOCKHOLM ..................................... 14 2.2.1 Economic support .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Building permits ................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.3 P-certification .................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.4 The Solar Keymark ............................................................................................................. 15 2.2.5 Solar irradiation and energy demand ................................................................................ 15 2.3 LILJEHOLMSKAJEN ............................................................................................................ 18 2.3.1 History of the area ............................................................................................................. 18 2.3.2 Current plans for Liljeholmskajen ...................................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Building Regulations .......................................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 Buildings of JM................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.5 Representative projects for Liljeholmskajen ...................................................................... 22 2.3.5.1 Kajen 4 ..................................................................................................... 22 2.3.5.2 Sjövikskajen .............................................................................................. 23 2.3.5.3 Sjövikshöjden 3.......................................................................................... 24 2.3.6 The rock-caverns ................................................................................................................ 25 IV 2.4 INNOVATIVE WAYS OF USING SOLAR ENERGY ........................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Lyckebo-Storvreta, Uppsala, Sweden ................................................................................ 26 2.4.2 Sege Park, Malmö, Sweden ............................................................................................... 26 2.4.3 Burgdorf, Switzerland ........................................................................................................ 27 2.4.4 Sierra SunTower, Lancaster, California .............................................................................. 27 3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................28