HARDWORK: AUSTRALIAN SOUTH SEA ISLANDER BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY AND THE PACIFIC LABOUR TRADE The design for the Australian South Sea Islander 25th anniversary t-shirt by Joshua Yasserie from Mackay. The Australian South Sea Islanders flag was created in 1994. The line of flags begins with the Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Australian flags, along with the flags of the islands of origin found in ASSI heritage (Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji, Kiribati and Tuvalu). The central logo belongs to the Australian South Sea Islanders (Port Jackson) branch. It was designed by a founding member, artist Carriette Pangas (née Togo). CLIVE MOORE HARDWORK: AUSTRALIAN SOUTH SEA ISLANDER BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY AND THE PACIFIC LABOUR TRADE HARDWORK: AUSTRALIAN SOUTH SEA ISLANDER BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY AND THE PACIFIC LABOUR TRADE CLIVE MOORE Australian South Sea Islanders (Port Jackson) Limited (ASSIPJ) Publication details: Published by Australian South Sea Islanders (Port Jackson) Limited (ASSIPJ) PO Box 117, Pyrmont, NSW 2009 Print copies can be obtained from the above address or [email protected] Available free on-line at: http://www.assipj.com.au/ National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Clive Moore, 1951- author Title: Hard Work: Australian South Sea Islander Bibliography. With a Select Bibliography of the Sugar Industry, and the Pacific Labour Trade. ISBN: 978-1-64669-765-6 Subjects: Australian South Sea Islanders-bibliography Australian South Sea Islanders-history Australia-history Vanuatu-history Solomon Islands-history Pacific Islands-history This edition 2019 Hardwork: Australian South Sea Islander Bibliography vii Contents Abbreviations, Map, Tables and Graphs viii Acknowledgements and Request for Further Sources ix Map and Photo Essay x Introduction 1 Australian South Sea Islanders Chronology 25 Print Publications and Archives by Australian South Sea Islanders 33 Television and Radio Documentaries, Video Series, Blogs, Websites and Grants 35 (Waskam) Emelda Davis: Presentations, Publications, Key Creative Roles, Author 41 Exhibitions and Catalogues 44 Trove: National Library of Australia digital site 46 Curriculum Resources 47 Acts of the British, New South Wales, Queensland and Australian Parliaments, Judgements, Select Committees, Royal Commissions and Annual Reports British Government 49 1. Royal Navy Australia Station 50 New South Wales Government 50 Queensland Government 50 1. General 51 2. Pacific Islanders Fund 56 3. Immigration Agent’s Annual Reports 56 4. Labour Trade Voyages 57 Australian Government 68 General Bibliography 69 Diseases and Epidemiology 126 Biographical Details for Clive Moore 129 Dedication 130 Australian South Sea Islanders (Port Jackson) Founders and Community Representatives 131 Message from Prime Minister Scott Morrison 132 Moore viii Abbreviations, Map, Tables and Graphs Abbreviations HCPP: House of Commons Parliamentary Papers PMB: Pacific Manuscripts Bureau SLQ: State Library of Queensland QPP: Queensland Parliamentary Papers QVP: Votes and Proceedings of the Queensland Legislative Assembly Map, Tables and Graphs Map: The Pacific Islands from which Australian South Sea Islanders were recruited and the areas in New South Wales and Queensland to which they were sent, 1847-1908. xi Table 1: The Island Origins of Pacific Islands Labourers in Queensland, 1863-1904. 5 Table 2: Spread of Pacific Islanders in Queensland in 1891 and 1901 by Census District (not including Torres Strait). 8 Graph 1: Comparison of South Sea Islander population with general and prison populations in the colony of Queensland, 1877-1906. 2 Graph 2: The proportions of New Hebrideans and Solomon Islanders, 1863-1904. After the early 1890s Solomon Islander labourers exceeded the number of New Hebrideans. 5 Graph 3: Nationalities of Men on Shipping Articles at Thursday Island in 1898. 12 Graph 4: Indentured Labour Migration: Eight MaJor Pacific Colonies, 1847-1941. 14 Graph 5: Mortality rates of Pacific Islanders as compared to those of the entire colony or Queensland and those of Europeans, 1868-1906. 15 Hardwork: Australian South Sea Islander Bibliography ix Acknowledgements: The final stages of this bibliography were completed with the assistance of Federal, State and Local Government funding secured by Australian South Sea Islanders (Port Jackson) (ASSIPJ) in 2019. The resources of the University of Queensland and ASSIPJ were used in the compilation. I wish to acknowledge Anthony Yeates who helped prepare a shorter 2006 version of this bibliography, and ASSIPJ chairwoman (Waskam) Emelda Davis who helped expand the list of documentaries and exhibitions, and has been generous with her own sources from her postgraduate study. Fiona Mount president of the Gold Coast Tweed ASSI United Community also assisted with sources. My colleagues Doug Munro, Max Quanchi and BriJ Lal have read early drafts of this document and provided valuable comments. Padma Lal assisted with formatting. Inner West Council Mayor Darcy Byrne of Sydney NSW has committed to distribute this document to all libraries in the region as an educational resource. All of the errors are my own. Request for Further Sources: While this bibliography is extensive, it can never be complete. If you know of further relevant sources, please provide them and they will be added to a later edition. However, sources must be accurate and complete to be considered for inclusion. If they relate to a book, provide the full name of the author, the full title, the place of publication, the publisher (even if it is self- published) and the year of publication. If they relate to a digital publication, please provide full information including the digital reference and the year. If it is an academic Journal article, the volume, issue number and pages are needed. If it is a chapter in a book, provide the name of the author, the title of the chapter, the title of the book, the names of the editor/s, the place of publication,, the publisher, the year, and the pages covered by the chapter. If they relate to a grant, as complete a reference as possible should be provided. If it is a reference to an exhibition, provide as much information as you can. The details can be sent to Clive Moore ([email protected]) or (Waskam) Emelda Davis ([email protected]). We wish to acknowledge the following funding institutions Moore x Map: The Pacific Islands from which Australian South Sea Islanders were recruited and the areas in New South Wales and Queensland to which they were sent, 1847-1908. Source: Australian South Sea Islanders (Port Jackson), 2016. Hardwork: Australian South Sea Islander Bibliography xi PHOTO ESSAY NINETEENTH CENTURY 1. The recruiting ship May at Bundaberg, 1890s. Clive Moore Collection. 2. Recruits below deck. Picturesque Atlas of Australia (1886). 3. Guadalcanal Makira men on Foulden plantation, Mackay, 1870s. Clive Moore Collection. 4. Islanders posed on an early Mackay plantation mill. Clive Moore Collection. 5. Islanders’ living quarters at Yeppoon plantation. Rutherford Armstrong Collection. University of Central Queensland Collection, Rockhampton. Moore xii DEPORTATION, 1900s 6. Islander delegation to Governor of Queensland, Sir Harry Chermside, Rockhampton, 1903. Clive Moore Collection. 7. “Be for I Go.” John Marlow of Homebush, Mackay, had this ‘memory’ photo taken in 1906. Clive Moore Collection. 8. Islanders on the Moresby at the time of deportation, 1906. Clive Moore Collection. Hardwork: Australian South Sea Islander Bibliography xiii TWENTIETH CENTURY 9. Emily May Enares (Innares) (née Sendy/Santo), Moses Topay Enares (Innares) , and Janeese Corowa, Tweed Heads. Emelda Davis Collection. 10. Naru, Nasuven, Joyce and Nellie Enares, daughters of Emily May and Moses Topay Enares. Emelda Davis Collection. 11. Elaine Choppy (née Arrow), Elsie Kiwat (nee Andrew) and Thelma McLaren (née Arrow) at Harry and Phillis Andrew’s House at Homebush, Mackay. Andrew family collection. Andrew & Cook 2000. 12. Tom Lamon and daughter Norah Byquar (Bikwai) and Mabel Cocho. Marrochydore Library Collection. 13. Fatnowna and Motto cricket team, Mackay, Christmas, 1930s. Clive Moore Collection. 14. Model of a recruiting ship made by Jack Marau, with Christie Fatnowna, 1980s, Mackay. Clive Moore Collection. Moore xiv Introduction ‘Hardwork’ was one of the slang terms used by nineteenth century South Sea Islanders to describe their work in the sugar-cane industry. The title also refers (with a little humour) to the effort involved in putting this bibliography together. I have collected these references since the mid-1970s, and in the 2000s migrated many of them from filing cards to an Endnote digital format. It is the largest bibliography ever created that revolves around Australian South Sea Islanders (ASSI), an Australian immigrant group descended from Pacific Islanders who entered New South Wales and Queensland between 1847 and 1904 as indentured labourers. After an academic lifetime using these sources, I feel obligated to make them more available. My own relevant publications are listed in the general section of the bibliography, and I also have access to an enormous range of sources relating to ASSI, most of which I hold as paper or digital copies. Listing these items will enable later researchers—hopefully including members of the ASSI community—to access a large range of sources without the