WORKSHOP ON CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE PROCEEDINGS Regina, Canada, 18-21 November 2002 Published by ECN Disclaimer: Supporting material prepared for consideration by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This supporting material has not been subject to formal IPCC review processes. Sponsored by: Preface The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was jointly established by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess available information on the science, impacts and the economics of climate change and of mitigation options to address it. It provides also, on request, scientific/technical/socio- economic advice to the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Con- vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Since its inception, the IPCC has produced a series of Assessment Reports, Special Reports, Technical Papers, methodologies and other products which have become standard works of reference, widely used by policymakers, scientists and other experts. At the IPCC plenary meeting in Geneva, from April 17th to 20th 2002, a decision was taken re- garding further work on Carbon Capture and Storage. The issue of carbon capture and storage has received little attention in the Third Assessment Report due to limited published scientific information. In the Plenary meeting, the Panel acknowledged the importance of issues related to capture and storage of CO2 and decided that, to support a decision on the preparation of a Special Report, an IPCC Workshop should be organised. Carbon capture and storage is increasingly seen as a possible option for mitigating climate change. The application of carbon capture and storage, however, is mostly still in the research or testing phase. In order to provide decision-makers with a good basis to consider application of this technology, more insight is needed in the issues surrounding the technology. Technical, economic, environmental and safety questions will have to be clarified. The aim of the IPCC workshop is to produce a scoping paper on possible ways for IPCC to pro- vide an assessment on carbon capture and storage. The most prominent option seems to be to produce a Special Report. The IPCC Plenary, where the decision regarding a possible Special Report will be taken, will take place in February 2003. The scoping paper will therefore outline a possible structure of such a report and provide an assessment of the availability of published scientific literature on the topic. Another product of the workshop will be the Workshop proceed- ings, published as supporting material of the IPCC and containing the revised, completed and updated versions of the papers presented during the workshop. Before you lays the collection of the papers that are presented at the IPCC workshop on carbon capture and storage. The 13 lectures serve as a background for the drafting of the scoping pa- per. We extend our sincere gratitude to the Canadian government for hosting this workshop. The or- ganisation was well led by Dr. Malcolm Wilson of the University of Regina Also the organisation of the excursion to the Weyburn site is very much acknowledged. We also thank the members of the Programme Committee, who gave invaluable advice on programme, participants and pa- pers. We would like to encourage all participants to contribute to a constructive and fruitful meeting, where exchanging views and opinions on the issues surrounding carbon capture and storage will lead to more clarity of the issues involved and the current status of scientific research. We hope that this workshop will be the first step in an increased understanding of the applicability of carbon capture and storage for mitigation of climate change. Ogunlade Davidson Bert Metz Co-chairs of Working Group III 2 IPCC workshop on carbon dioxide capture and storage Foreword from Canada to the IPCC WG III Workshop on Carbon Capture and Storage November 18-21, 2002, Regina, Canada. Dear Delegates, In response to the request from the Seventh Session of the Conference of Parties (COP-7) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the decision adopted by IPCC at its plenary meeting in Geneva in April, 2002, Canada is pleased and delighted with the acceptance of our offer to host the first IPCC workshop on Carbon Capture & Storage. On be- half of the Government of Canada and as the Canadian Delegate and Chair of the IEA Green- house Gas R&D Programme, it gives me great pleasure to welcome you to Regina and Can- ada. Canada’s involvement in several aspects of Carbon Capture and Storage technologies are deep rooted, with work underway on research and development and industrial projects since the late 1980’s. In 1991, Canada was among 12 countries in the International Energy Agency (IEA) who were the founding members of the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme. Since that time, the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme has been the focus of international initiatives and col- laboration underway for the assessment of options to promote deep reductions in anthropogenic GHG emissions through Carbon Capture and Storage. In the intervening period since 1997, new initiatives promoted under a National Implementation Strategy on Climate Change adopted by Canadian federal, provincial and territorial ministers of energy and the environment, have re- sulted in significantly more activity on CO2 Capture and Storage projects within our borders. We hope to give you a flavour of our national initiatives in a special ‘Canada Day’ event that we have put together for November 18th, on the day preceding commencement of the formal IPCC workshop. Several Canadian organizations and the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme have contrib- uted their support to organising this event. Special thanks are due to Dr. Malcolm Wilson and the University of Regina as the local organizer, and ENCANA for the field trip to the Weyburn project. Thanks too to the Government of Canada’s Climate Change Action Plan, Natural Re- sources Canada (through the Environmental Policy Division, Office of Energy Research and Development and CANMET Energy Technology Centre) and the Governments of Saskatche- wan and Alberta for their financial support. I also wish to acknowledge the special interest and leadership of Dr. Raj Pachauri, Chair of the IPCC, Bert Metz and Ogunlade Davidson, Co- Chairs of IPCC WG III, and my colleagues in the WG III programme and organising committees. A special mention is also in order for the invited speakers whose contributions in the attached proceedings will be the basis for our dialogue at the workshop. Last but not least, a big thank you to you the delegates for your attendance and the most impor- tant part to come from your contributions at this event. Undoubtedly, we are positioned to set a seminal stage in the approach and collective will of humanity to prevent the dangerous rise in GHG concentrations in the Earth’s atmosphere that is the cause of global warming and climatic change. With my best wishes for a successful outcome to our meeting, bon voyage and welcome to Canada! Dr. Kelly Thambimuthu, Senior Scientist, CANMET Energy Technology Centre, Natural Resources Canada Chairman, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme IPCC workshop on carbon dioxide capture and storage 3 Terms of Reference At the IPCC plenary meeting in Geneva, from April 17th to 20th 2002, a decision was taken re- garding further work on Carbon Capture and Storage (see proposal in IPCC-XIX/Doc. 9 and draft report of meeting). The issue of CO2 capture and storage has received attention in the TAR, but due to limited published scientific information only a few pages were devoted to tech- nological progress, costs and the environmental risks that arise when this kind of technology is applied. In the Plenary meeting, the Panel acknowledged the importance of issues related to capture and storage of CO2 and decided that, to support a possible decision on the preparation of a Special Report, an IPCC Workshop should be organised under the auspices of Working Group III, with inputs from WG I and II. Objectives and scope of an IPCC Workshop on Carbon Capture and Storage The Workshop should result in a scoping paper for further IPCC work on this issue. The most promising option for further work seems to be a Special Report, but the option of assessing the information on this issue as part of the FAR is also to be considered. Preliminary contents of a possible Special Report on Carbon Capture and Storage should include (according to Decision 7 in the IPCC Plenary in April): • Sources of CO2 and technologies for CO2 capturing • Transport of CO2 from capture to storage • Geographical potential of the technology (minimise distance between source and storage locations) • Re-use of captured CO2 in industrial applications • CO2 storage options, including: - Deep saline water-bearing formations (saline aquifers) - Depleted oil and gas reservoirs - Oil reservoirs that may be used for CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) - Deep coal seems containing methane (Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery, ECBM) - Deep ocean storage • Costs and energy efficiency of CO2 capturing and storing in comparison with the costs of other large-scale options, especially in the area of electricity generation and use • Implications of large-scale introduction; long-term technological and economic implications of carbon storage technologies (e.g. hydrogen) • Environmental impacts • Risks and risk management during capture, transport and storage • Monitoring of