Report No. 54788-MNA Gender and Transport Public Disclosure Authorized in the Middle East and North Africa Region Case studies from the West Bank and Yemen Public Disclosure Authorized December 2011 Middle East and North Africa Region Transport and Energy Unit Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank Report Currency Equivalents (Exchange rates effective on April 30, 2010) Currency Units = Yemeni Rial (YR) and Israeli Sheqalim (NIS) 1 USD = 206.25 YR 1 USD = 3.729 NIS Fiscal Year: January 1 – December 31 Abbreviations and Acronyms FGD Focus Group Discussion IMT Intermediary Means of Transport MENA Middle East and North Africa NIS Israeli Sheqalim PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics USD United States Dollar YR Yemeni Rial Vice President: Shamshad Akhtar Country Directors: Mariam Sherman / David Craig Sector Director: Laszlo Lovei Sector Manager: Jonathan Walters Task Team Leader: Jean-Charles Crochet 2 May 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ...................................................................................................... 10 Main Findings.............................................................................................. 11 The Present Studies ................................................................................................................. 11 1. Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 11 2. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 11 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................................... 12 Findings .................................................................................................................................... 12 1. The Special Case of Rural Yemen ..................................................................................... 12 2. Interaction between Transport Infrastructure and Services and Women’s Access in Urban Yemen and the West Bank .................................................................................................... 15 PART I - Enhancing Women’s Mobility in the West Bank.................... 21 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter One: Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 25 1. Gender and Transport ........................................................................................................ 25 Planning for Transport and Gender (Analytical View) ..................................................... 25 Poverty ............................................................................................................................... 26 2. The West Bank and Gaza Context ..................................................................................... 27 Transport Sector Planning in the West Bank and Gaza ..................................................... 27 Introduction to Transport in the West Bank and Gaza ...................................................... 28 Gender Indicators in the West Bank and Gaza .................................................................. 29 Chapter Two: Methodology.................................................................................................... 30 1. Area Selection in the Three Northern Governorates (Tulkarem, Nablus and Jenin) ........ 30 2. Sample Selection ............................................................................................................... 31 3. Research Implementation Phases ...................................................................................... 32 Chapter Three: Findings (Analysis from a Gender Perspective) ........................................ 35 1. Transport Means: General Trends ..................................................................................... 35 Availability and Use .......................................................................................................... 35 Frequency of Use ............................................................................................................... 36 Availability and Use of Public Transport Means .............................................................. 37 2. Travel Patterns ................................................................................................................... 38 Purpose .............................................................................................................................. 38 Schedule ............................................................................................................................ 39 Duration ............................................................................................................................. 40 Number of Used Transport Means .................................................................................... 40 Company ........................................................................................................................... 40 3. Evaluating the Transport Sector ........................................................................................ 41 Comfort and Safety............................................................................................................ 41 Drivers’ Behavior .............................................................................................................. 41 3 May 2010 Transport Terminals .......................................................................................................... 43 Fares .................................................................................................................................. 43 4. Transport and Access ........................................................................................................ 44 5. Mobility Constraints .......................................................................................................... 44 Constraints and Restrictions Related to the Political Situation ......................................... 44 Constraints and Restrictions related to the Economic and Social Context ........................ 45 Chapter Four: Conclusion and Recommendations .............................................................. 47 1. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 47 2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 48 PART II - Gender and Transport in Urban Yemen, the Example of Sana’a ........................................................................................................... 50 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 50 Infrastructure Provision ......................................................................................................... 51 Organization of Public Transport .......................................................................................... 51 Street Life .............................................................................................................................. 52 Chapter One: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 53 Chapter Two: Methodology.................................................................................................... 53 1. Preparation ......................................................................................................................... 53 2. Sample Selection ............................................................................................................... 54 3. Data Collection .................................................................................................................. 54 4. Data Analysis .................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter Three: Transport in Sana’a - Infrastructure, Paths, and Constraints ................ 55 1. Who Are the Interviewees? ............................................................................................... 55 Age .................................................................................................................................... 55 Education ........................................................................................................................... 55 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 56 2. Provision of Basic Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 56 Old and historical Sana’a ................................................................................................... 56 City center ......................................................................................................................... 58 Peripheral zone .................................................................................................................. 60 3. Impact of Infrastructure on Access ...................................................................................