PREHISTORIC NEW YORK —fossil collecting in the Empire State By Alan Zdinak All photographs by author, unless otherwise noted When I was a boy I would visit the There are no Brontosaurus bones ago)—way before the dinosaurs. During American Museum of Natural History coming out of the Finger Lakes. In that time a succession of shallow seas in Manhattan and marvel at the dinosaur fact, aside from a few small footprints covered the state. These seas contained skeletons. I couldn’t get enough of the unearthed in Nyack there are no dinosaur vast coral reefs and submarine thickets T.rex, Triceratops and their brethren. I fossils at all. The Mesozoic Era—the of sea lilies that armored squid and giant dreamed of digging up fossils myself, Age of Reptiles (approximately 248 to 65 sea scorpions called home. Over time, but imagined them as rare buried million years ago)—is pretty much absent sea bottom and deltaic sediments turned treasure found only in far-flung places from New York’s geologic record. into the shale, sandstone and limestone like Montana and Mongolia. It was What New York does have are plenty that underlie the state from the Catskills nearly half a lifetime later that I learned of fossils from the Early Paleozoic era to the Great Lakes. And those rocks are central New York is a fossil wonderland (from the Cambrian through the Devonian bursting with the fossilized remains of that anyone can explore. periods, 550 to 350 million years that long-ago marine fauna. Above: North Brookfield trilobite site. Inset: Cephalon (head) of a Dipleura trilobite found there. 10 New York State Conservationist, June 2013 Fossil-laden cliffs on the Lake Erie shore south of Buffalo. This is not news. Paleontologists have fossilization and as such they’re found been studying these strata for more than studding slabs of rock or weathered out 175 years. Utica native Charles Doo- where you more readily spy them. Nicole Draina little Walcott started his career collecting Reef building corals are also common local trilobites before moving on to head fossils, both the honeycombed, colonial the U.S. Geological Survey and the varieties and the funnel-shaped cones of Smithsonian. Mark Twain collected bra- extinct horn corals. Fossils of another in New York. Geologic, mason’s or chiopods on his Elmira farm. The region group of colonial creatures, bryozoans, crack hammers are the core of any col- is so fecund with fossils that a nineteenth- look like delicate lacework etched on lector’s kit. These are supplemented century survey of New York fossils by rock, and the whorled shells of snails, by a variety of cold chisels, pry bars, James Hall, the first State Paleontologist, or gastropods, are also frequent finds. shovels and lidded plastic containers for ran 13 volumes. I’ve been collecting fossils for many holding specimens. Water, sunscreen, The Early Paleozoic was the heyday years. One site I enjoy visiting is at a insect repellant and first aid gear come of invertebrates, creatures without popular roadcut outside Schoharie. Here, in handy too. It’s worth splitting some backbones. Certainly in New York the a half hour southwest of Albany, as a rocks at Schoharie because cephalopods most abundant fossils are brachiopods. back road crests a crumbling, limestone and trilobites have come out of that At first glance these fossils look like the hillside, there’s a shoulder wide enough site, and the cliff is capped by layers of clam and mussel shells you find washed to pull a car over safely. The rubble- crinoid (includes sea lilies and feathered up at the beach today. But our modern strewn slope represents the middle of an stars) hash. seashells are mollusks, whereas bra- eroding formation where you can pluck Today’s cephalopods include the chiopods are a different sort of animal Devonian brachiopods and sponges right familiar octopus and squid. But the altogether and are more closely related to out of the gravel, making it a good site for ancient ancestors of calamari were the Bryozoa. Back in the Paleozoic they dom- kids and beginners. apex predators of their food chain. We inated the seascape, coming in a dizzying To get at fossils still embedded in think of cephalopods as soft bodied array of forms, from winglike spirifers the15-foot cliff beyond, hammer and animals, but many Paleozoic varieties (called butterfly stones) to scallop-shaped chisel are required. This is standard had external shells like today’s nautilus orthids. Their thick shells were ideal for procedure for most fossil collecting and these are the fossils they’ve left 11 construction have cut through it. A little research online will divulge well-known, accessible sites. Just off the interstate in Tully, there’s a bald hillside that can be scavanged for spirifers, rippled Grammysia bivalves and the odd trilobite. Fossil collecting tends to be dirty work in often remote places. This site is uniquely located behind a motel with its hot showers and other comforts. In rolling farmland outside Pompey there’s a long roadcut riddled with the ribbed cones of cephalopods at one end and black, button-like gastropods at the other. In North Brookfield a mudstone bluff stands half hacked to rubble by gen- erations of fossil hunters prospecting for Fossil hunters examine a roadcut outside Pompey Center. palm-sized Dipleura trilobites. Over in Earlville, pickups and 4x4s have worn behind. While some can be as big as by collectors, but uncommon because a dirt road down to bedrock paved with tractor tires, typical specimens tend to be crinoids tend to fall apart, or, disar- cephalopods and pelecypods, making it a much smaller. ticulate, after death. What are plentiful tantalizing, but hazardous, place to collect. A favorite of New York’s fossils are tri- are the disk-like plates that stacked up One thing to consider in fossil hunting, lobites. Trilobites were arthropods, rel- to form their stems. Crinoid columnals though, is that while fossils may seem atives of today’s spiders and crabs. They can be so numerous that whole rock for- to exist in unlimited supply, this is flourished throughout the 300 million mations are composed of these tough not true. Fossils are a non-renewable years of the Paleozoic, evolving into little plates. resource that provide scientific evidence thousands of species. Then they vanished. The big kahuna of New York fossils of past life forms and environmental con- Their ovoid exoskeletons are often capped is the eurypterid, or giant sea scorpion. ditions. When possible, you may consider by eyes like headlamps, among the first Some species grew to nine feet long, the Photo courtesy Lang’s Fossils courtesyPhoto Lang’s complex peepers in nature. Many tri- largest arthropods ever. Several of these lobites could roll up like pill bugs, and monsters were no doubt fearsome, with perished in that pose. Trilobites shed their huge, grasping claws or dagger-tipped exoskeletons as they grew, so their most tails. Others may have been benign as common remains are molted head shields, their relative the horseshoe crab. Euryp- fanlike tails, or rib-like thoracic segments. terids flourished in the Silurian Period Complete, fully articulated specimens (443-416 million years ago), but are not are rare, but frequent enough to make common finds. Nonetheless, some of the hunting them a rewarding challenge for finest specimens hail from New York, the determined collector. earning their status as our state fossil. Sea lily (crinoids) fossils are another New York’s richest fossil strata are New York prize. With their long stalks the Devonian deposits of the Allegheny and feathery crowns, sea lilies resemble Plateau. This vast region stretches from flowers, but they are actually animals the Hudson River west to Lake Erie, and akin to sea urchins and starfish. Like bra- from Lake Ontario south to the Penn- chiopods, crinoids still exist in diminished sylvania border. But all that fossiliferous numbers today, but were widespread in bedrock is buried under dense forests the Paleozoic. Complete fossils, with and topsoil. It’s only exposed in quarries, Large and small eurypterids with discoverer, both stem and tentacled crown, are prized creek beds, or where canal, road and rail Allan Lang. 12 collecting only fossils that are already dislodged from their rock matrix, or even simply photographing or admiring them in place. You should also obtain permission from property owners before entering or collecting on private property. Addi- tionally, be aware that collecting fossils on New York State-owned or federal lands requires a permit. A good approach to fossil collecting is to join a fossil club like the New York Paleontological Society. Their field trips introduce members to public sites and gain them access to private ones, including “pay-to-dig” sites. If you are determined to find a eurypterid, make an appointment with Lang’s Fossils in Ilion for access to their famed quarry. On the outskirts of Mucrospirifer brachiopod, in situ in a stream in Windom. Buffalo, the Hamburg Natural History Society manages the renowned Penn Dixie site. Over the years this quarry has produced beautiful trilobite specimens. Visitors can either become members of the society or pay a day-use fee for the privilege of collecting there. While bra- chiopods are abundant—some naturally cast in iron pyrite (fool’s gold)—the tri- lobites usually require some luck or elbow grease to uncover. Other fossils have been found in New York as well. For instance, the first mastodon found in the U.S. was unearthed in the Hudson River Valley and the state has since proved one of the richest sources of Ice Age elephants in the world.