Appendices-P1 Appendix 1: MEAA Code of Ethics for Australian Journalists A: Current version of code (1997-) (available from Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance (AJA subsection) website at http://www.alliance.org.au/hot/ethicscode.htm) Respect for truth and the public’s right to information are fundamental principles of journalism. Journalists describe society to itself. They convey information, ideas and opinions, a privileged role. They search, disclose, record, question, entertain, suggest and remember. They inform citizens and animate democracy. They give a practical form to freedom of expression. Many journalists work in private enterprise, but all have these public responsibilities. They scrutinise power, but also exercise it, and should be accountable. Accountability engenders trust. Without trust, journalists do not fulfil their public responsibilities. MEAA members engaged in journalism commit themselves to • Honesty • Fairness • Independence • Respect for the rights of others 1 Report and interpret honestly, striving for accuracy, fairness and disclosure of all essential facts. Do not suppress relevant available facts, or give distorting emphasis. Do your utmost to give a fair opportunity for reply. 2 Do not place unnecessary emphasis on personal characteristics, including race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, age, sexual orientation, family relationships, religious belief, or physical or intellectual disability. 3 Aim to attribute information to its source. Where a source seeks anonymity, do not agree without first considering the source’s motives and any alternative attributable source. Where confidences are accepted, respect them in all circumstances. 4 Do not allow personal interest, or any belief, commitment, payment, gift or benefit, to undermine your accuracy, fairness or independence. 5 Disclose conflicts of interest that affect, or could be seen to affect, the accuracy, fairness or independence of your journalism. Do not improperly use a journalistic position for personal gain. 6 Do not allow advertising or other commercial considerations to undermine accuracy, fairness or independence. 7 Do your utmost to ensure disclosure of any direct or indirect payment made for interviews, pictures, information or stories. 8 Use fair, responsible and honest means to obtain material. Identify yourself and your employer before obtaining any interview for publication or broadcast. Never exploit a person’s vulnerability or ignorance of media practice. 9 Present pictures and sound which are true and accurate. Any manipulation likely to mislead should be disclosed. 10 Do not plagiarise. 11 Respect private grief and personal privacy. Journalists have the right to resist compulsion to intrude. 12 Do your utmost to achieve fair correction of errors. Guidance Clause Basic values often need interpretation and sometimes come into conflict. Ethical journalism requires conscientious decision-making in context. Only substantial advancement of the public interest or risk of substantial harm to people allows any standard to be overridden. Appendices-P2 B: Previous version of code (1984-1997) as published in the MEAA publication, Ethics in Journalism, Melbourne University Press, 1997 Respect for truth and the public’s right to information are overriding principles for all journalists. In pursuance of these principles journalists commit themselves to ethical and professional standards. All members of the Australian Journalists Association section engaged in gathering, transmitting, disseminating and commenting on news and information shall observe the following code of ethics in their professional activities. They acknowledge the jurisdiction of the professional colleagues in the AJA judiciary committee to adjudicate on issues connected with this code. 1 They shall report and interpret the news with scrupulous honesty by striving to disclose all essential facts and by not suppressing relevant, available facts or by distorting by wrong or improper emphasis. 2 They shall not place unnecessary emphasis on gender, race, sexual preference, religious belief, marital status or physical or mental disability. 3 In all circumstances they shall respect all confidences received in the course of their calling. 4 They shall not allow personal interests to influence them in the course of their professional duties. 5 They shall not allow their professional duties to be influenced by any consideration, gift or advantage offered and, where appropriate, shall disclose any such offer. 6 They shall not allow advertising or commercial considerations to influence them in their professional duties. 7 They shall use fair and honest means to obtain news, pictures, films, tapes and documents. 8 They shall identify themselves and their employers before obtaining any interview for publication or broadcast. 9 They shall respect private grief and personal privacy and shall have the right to resist compulsion to intrude on them. 10 They shall do their utmost to correct any published or broadcast information found to be harmfully inaccurate. Appendices-P3 Appendix 2: Relevant sections of industry codes of practice for Australian broadcast news media This appendix contains sections from five separate codes of practice which currently apply to broadcast news media services in Australia: A: Commercial Television Code of Practice (Section 4: News and Current Affairs Programs) B: Commercial Radio Code of Practice 2 (News and Current Affairs Programs) C: ABC Code of Practice (Item 4: News, Current Affairs and Information Programs - for television and radio) D: SBS Code of Practice - July, 1999 (Item 2.4: News and Current Affairs - for television and radio) E: Pay TV Code of Practice (Item 2.2: News and Current Affairs Programs) A: Commercial Television Code of Practice (Section 4: News and Current Affairs Programs) Published by the Australian Broadcasting Authority (available at http://www.aba.gov.au/tv/content/codes/commercial/index) Objectives 4.1 This Section is intended to ensure that 4.1.1 news and current affairs programs are presented accurately and fairly; 4.1.2 news and current affairs programs are presented with care, having regard to the likely composition of the viewing audience and, in particular, the presence of children; 4.1.3 news and current affairs programs take account of personal privacy and of cultural differences in the community; 4.1.4 news is presented impartially. Scope of the Code 4.2 Except where otherwise indicated, this Section applies to news programs, news flashes, news updates and current affairs programs. A “current affairs program” means a program focussing on social, economic or political issues of current relevance to the community. News and Current Affairs Programs 4.3 In broadcasting news and current affairs programs, licensees: 4.3.1 must present factual material accurately and represent viewpoints fairly, having regard to the circumstances at the time of preparing and broadcasting the program; 4.3.2 must not present material in a manner which creates public panic; 4.3.3 should have appropriate regard to the feelings of relatives and viewers when including images of dead or seriously wounded people. Images of that kind which may seriously distress or seriously offend a substantial number of viewers should be displayed only when there is an identifiable public interest for doing so; 4.3.4 must provide the warnings required by Clauses 2.8 and 2.30 of this Code when there is an identifiable public interest reason for selecting and broadcasting visual and/or aural material which may seriously distress or seriously offend a substantial number of viewers; 4.3.5 must not use material relating to a person’s personal or private affairs, or which invades an individual’s privacy, other than where there is an identifiable public interest reason for the material to be broadcast; Appendices-P4 4.3.6 must exercise sensitivity in broadcasting images of or interviews with bereaved relatives and survivors or witnesses of traumatic incidents; 4.3.7 should avoid unfairly identifying a single person or business when commenting on the behaviour of a group of persons or businesses; 4.3.8 must take all reasonable steps to ensure that murder and accident victims are not identified directly or, where practicable, indirectly before their immediate families are notified by the authorities; 4.3.9 should broadcast reports of suicide or attempted suicide only where there is an identifiable public interest reason to do so, and should exclude any detailed description of the method used. The report must be straightforward, and must not include graphic details or images, or glamourise suicide in any way; 4.3.10 must not portray any person or group of persons in a negative light by placing gratuitous emphasis on race, colour, gender, national or ethnic origin, physical or mental disability, race, religion or sexual preference. Nevertheless, where it is in the public interest, licensees may report events and broadcast comments in which such matters are raised; 4.3.11 must make reasonable efforts to correct significant errors of fact at the earliest opportunity. 4.4 In broadcasting news programs (including news flashes) licensees: 4.4.1 must present news fairly and impartially; 4.4.2 must clearly distinguish the reporting of factual material from commentary and analysis. 4.5 In broadcasting a promotion for a news or current affairs program, a licensee must present factual material accurately and represent featured viewpoints fairly, having regard to the circumstances