G140 Dynamar (2020) Reefer Analysis Market Structure, Conventional, Containers Dynamar B.V. Robijnstraat 74 1812 RB ALKMAAR The Netherlands Tel: +31 72 514 74 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dynamar.com Dynamar (2020) Reefer Analysis Market Structure, Conventional, Containers December 2020 Dynamar B.V. Robijnstraat 74 1812 RB ALKMAAR Tel: +31 72 514 74 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dynamar.com Authors Frans Waals, Senior Shipping Consultant Jonathan Mummery, Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without explicit permission of the publisher. While the information contained in this report is presented in good faith, it frequently involves estimates where no current published data is available. This information, believed to be accurate, can therefore not be guaranteed. The publishers cannot accept liability of any errors or omission. Table of contents 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents .............................................................................................................. 5 List of tables ..................................................................................................................... 9 List of figures .................................................................................................................. 14 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 16 2 History and background ........................................................................................... 20 2.1 The development of reefer shipping ........................................................................................... 20 The advent of reefer shipping ............................................................................................................. 20 Refrigerated deepsea shipping takes off ............................................................................................ 20 Evolution of the conventional reefer ship ........................................................................................... 21 The refrigerated container .................................................................................................................. 21 2.2 Deterioration ............................................................................................................................... 22 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 22 Ventilation .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Temperature ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Relative humidity ................................................................................................................................ 26 Ripening gases .................................................................................................................................... 26 Modified and controlled atmospheres................................................................................................ 26 2.3 Reefer container technology ....................................................................................................... 28 Container dimensions ......................................................................................................................... 28 Refrigeration machinery ..................................................................................................................... 28 Scroll or reciprocating compressor? ................................................................................................... 29 Unit environmental considerations .................................................................................................... 30 3 World perishables trades ......................................................................................... 31 3.1 Introduction and methodological issues ..................................................................................... 31 3.2 Overall trade volumes ................................................................................................................. 33 3.3 Dairy............................................................................................................................................. 34 3.4 Fishery Products .......................................................................................................................... 36 3.5 Fruit ............................................................................................................................................. 38 Bananas .............................................................................................................................................. 40 Citrus fruit ........................................................................................................................................... 42 Deciduous fruit.................................................................................................................................... 43 Tropical fruit ....................................................................................................................................... 45 3.6 Meat ............................................................................................................................................ 47 3.7 Vegetables ................................................................................................................................... 49 4 Major import regions ............................................................................................... 53 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 53 4.2 United States ............................................................................................................................... 54 4.3 European Union ........................................................................................................................... 58 4.4 Russia ........................................................................................................................................... 63 4.5 China ............................................................................................................................................ 65 4.6 Japan ............................................................................................................................................ 69 6 Dynamar (2020) Reefer Analysis 5 Seaborne trade ........................................................................................................ 71 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 71 5.2 Seaborne perishables volumes .................................................................................................... 71 5.3 Conventional reefer ships versus container vessels .................................................................... 71 5.4 Geographical coverage ................................................................................................................ 73 Conventional reefer shipping .............................................................................................................. 73 South America .................................................................................................................................... 75 Central America and the Caribbean.................................................................................................... 77 Sub-Saharan Africa and Morocco ....................................................................................................... 79 Mediterranean .................................................................................................................................... 81 Australasia .......................................................................................................................................... 82 6 Major reefer ports .................................................................................................... 83 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 83 6.2 South America ............................................................................................................................. 83 Chile .................................................................................................................................................... 83 Peru..................................................................................................................................................... 86 Bolivia ................................................................................................................................................. 87 Ecuador ..............................................................................................................................................