Final Import Risk Analysis Report for the Importation of Cavendish Bananas from the Philippines Part C November 2008 © Commonwealth of Australia 2008 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Communications Manager, Biosecurity Australia, or e-mailed to [email protected]. Cite this report as: Biosecurity Australia (2008) Final Import Risk Analysis Report for the Importation of Cavendish Bananas from the Philippines, Part C. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra. The Australian Government acting through Biosecurity Australia has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Biosecurity Australia, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication. Postal address: Biosecurity Australia GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Cover image: Emerging banana bunch showing bracts, flowers and fingers (Photo: D Peasley) 2 This import risk analysis has been released by the Chief Executive of Biosecurity Australia. Stakeholders have 30 days from the publication of this document to lodge an appeal in writing with the Import Risk Analysis Appeals Panel – a body independent of Biosecurity Australia – on one or both of the following grounds: There was a significant deviation from the process set out in the Import Risk Analysis Handbook (BA 2003) that adversely affected the interests of a stakeholder. A significant body of scientific information relevant to the outcome of the IRA was not considered. In lodging appeals, stakeholders must give reasons for their appeal. Appeals should be submitted to: IRAAP Secretariat Corporate Policy Division Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 Facsimile: +61 2 6272 5926 E-mail: [email protected] Further details of the appeal process are provided in the Handbook (BA 2003). 4 Contents Appendix 1. Restrictions on movement of bananas within Australia........................................1 Appendix 2. Growing conditions for bananas in the Philippines and Australia .......................5 Appendix 3. Pathogen categorisation .........................................................................................14 Appendix 4. Arthropod categorisation ........................................................................................21 Appendix 5. Moko ..........................................................................................................................35 Appendix 6. Black Sigatoka..........................................................................................................69 Appendix 7. Freckle.......................................................................................................................89 Appendix 8. Banana bract mosaic virus .................................................................................. 107 Appendix 9. Banana bunchy top virus ..................................................................................... 119 Appendix 10. Fruit flies ................................................................................................................ 131 Appendix 11. Armoured scales ................................................................................................... 135 11.1 Aspidiotus coryphae ................................................................................... 138 11.2 Aspidiotus excisus...................................................................................... 139 11.3 Pinnaspis musae ........................................................................................ 141 11.4 Abgrallaspis cyanophylli ............................................................................. 142 11.5 Hemiberlesia palmae.................................................................................. 144 11.6 Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli ........................................................................ 145 11.7 Selenaspidus articulatus ............................................................................ 147 Appendix 12. Mealybugs.............................................................................................................. 149 12.1 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes.......................................................................... 150 12.2 Nipaecoccus nipae ..................................................................................... 154 12.3 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi .................................................................... 156 12.4 Planococcus minor ..................................................................................... 159 Appendix 13. Spider mites........................................................................................................... 161 13.1 Oligonychus orthius.................................................................................... 164 13.2 Oligonychus velascoi.................................................................................. 165 13.3 Raoiella indica ............................................................................................ 167 13.4 Tetranychus piercei .................................................................................... 169 13.5 Tetranychus marianae................................................................................ 173 Appendix 14. Weevils ................................................................................................................... 175 Appendix 15. Thrips...................................................................................................................... 177 Restrictions on movement of bananas within Australia Appendix 1. Restrictions on movement of bananas within Australia Movement of banana fruit and planting material within Australia is subject to quarantine restrictions. Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia and the Northern Territory have quarantine legislation to control the movement of bananas and banana material intra and interstate. Fruit flies are of concern to all Australian states and territories. However, with respect to fruit flies, banana fruit may be moved into any state or territory as long as they are certified under the nationally approved interstate certification assurance (ICA) procedures that the fruit is in a hard green (ICA-06) condition (QDPI 2000). This ICA requires the following: • Fruit of the variety Cavendish only. • The banana flesh is hard and not flexible, the skin is green and shows no yellow colouration except for areas towards the flower end of the fruit, in which the sun has bleached the skin to a yellow to white colour. The flesh beneath is hard. • No single banana or banana on an outside whorl of a hand or cluster (except a wing banana or distorted banana) has a diameter that exceeds 42 mm when measured at right angles to the curvature of the fruit at a point one third from its flower end. • The skin must be unbroken. Due to concerns over black Sigatoka, banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), Panama disease and various soilborne pests, all states and the Northern Territory restrict the movement of banana planting material. Below is a brief summary of the intra- and interstate requirements for diseases that have been associated with bananas. Queensland Six pest quarantine areas for banana pests have been established in Queensland, and movement of banana plants and their products, including fruit, may be controlled within and between these areas. Queensland legislation provides a contingency for outbreaks of quarantine pests. Black Sigatoka, bacterial wilts (blood disease and Moko), banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) and BBTV are among the notifiable pests, and legislation allows for the restriction to the movement of banana fruit, plant material and other if an outbreak is recorded. An inspector’s approval would be required to remove banana fruit and other plant material from an outbreak area. Intrastate restrictions may be applied to the movement of banana fruit within Queensland. Provisions may also be invoked for any unforseen detections of exotic diseases and may be applied to an affected pest site. A ‘pest site’ is defined as an area within approximately 50 kilometres of a place where a banana pest has been found. The chief executive of the state officially declares the boundaries of a pest quarantine area. A declared pest area would be subject to intrastate restrictions relating, as necessary, to the movement of bananas originating from such an area. Restrictions would also apply to the movement of bananas into Queensland from other areas if any of the above diseases or other pests of quarantine concern to Queensland would be recorded there. Currently there are no restrictions on the movement of hard green banana fruit into Queensland (QDPI 2000). As Queensland produces approximately 90% of Australia’s bananas, the quantity of bananas entering Queensland from other states is usually very low; hence, the risk of entry of pests on the fruit pathway