Durham E-Theses Servicium Debitum and Scutage in Twelfth Century England With Comparisons to the Regno of Southern Italy SMITH, NICHOLAS,JAMES,CROSBY How to cite: SMITH, NICHOLAS,JAMES,CROSBY (2010) Servicium Debitum and Scutage in Twelfth Century England With Comparisons to the Regno of Southern Italy, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/454/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Servicium Debitum and Scutage in Twelfth Century England With Comparisons to the Regno of Southern Italy N.J.C. Smith The purpose of this study is to re-assess the system of military obligation in England at the earliest time sufficient documents survive to provide an in-depth explanation. It is both an examination of the twelfth-century feudal structure and lordship arrangements as described by these documents, and how they came to be in their twelfth-century forms. This is supplemented by a similar, but briefer, evaluation of the Regno of southern Italy and of the occasional relevant documents from Normandy. An examination of the place of military obligation in the kingdom of England covers three major areas: the assessment of this obligation, the cost of service both to the king and the individual knight, and how the men actually served. These three areas offer insight into how the Normans established the servicium debitum, how knights exempted themselves from their obligation or were compensated for extra service, and various aspects of what their service entailed, such as castle guard. A study of the returns made by tenants-in-chief in 1166 suggests that these have been misinterpreted in the past; their inspiration lay in the desire of the barons to protect themselves from excessive royal demands, rather than in the crown’s desire to update the servicium debitum. The survey conducted in the Regno earlier is unlikely to have served as a prototype for the 1166 inquiry; it was different in purpose and in form. Scutages are examined, to show the complex patterns of payment, and to suggest that under Henry II a significant number of tenants-in-chief performed their service, rather than commuted it. The Pipe Rolls are used to analyse military expenditure at a local level in two counties, Kent and Shropshire; in particular pay rates are reconstructed. A series of appendices provide details of this expenditure, along with evidence of scutages. Servicium Debitum and Scutage in Twelfth Century England With Comparisons to the Regno of Southern Italy Two Volumes Volume 1 Nicholas James Crosby Smith PhD History Durham University 2010 Table of Contents List of Tables … … … … … … … … … 4 Abbreviations … … … … … … … … … 5 Introduction … … … … … … … … … 7 Part I. Assessment Chapter 1. Feudal Surveys … … … … … … … 25 The Cartae Baronum … … … … … … … 25 The Infeudationes Militum … … … … … … 45 The Catalogus Baronum … … … … … … 52 Summary … … … … … … … … 60 Chapter 2. Infeudation … … … … … … … 63 Practices and Patterns … … … … … … 63 Infeudation in Apulia and Capua … … … … … 91 The Constabularies and the Conroi … … … … … 101 Part II. Cost Chapter 3. Commutation … … … … … … … 106 The English Scutage … … … … … … … 106 Normandy and the Italian Adohamentum … … … … 125 Chapter 4. Knights’ Pay and Wages … … … … … … 131 Money Payments … … … … … … … 131 Provisions … … … … … … … … 143 Crossbows and Foreigners … … … … … … 149 Southern Italy and the Trends in England … … … … 157 Part III. Service Chapter 5. Service Levels … … … … … … … 165 The English Campaigns … … … … … … 165 The Various Services of Southern Italy … … … … 180 The Magna Expeditio … … … … … … … 183 Naval Service … … … … … … … … 185 Chapter 6. Castles and Castle Guard … … … … … … 194 The English Example of Dover … … … … … 196 Service Period and the Origins of Castle Guard … … … 213 Southern Castles and Serjeants … … … … … 222 Conclusion … … … … … … … … … 229 Bibliography … … … … … … … … … 240 2 Appendices Appendix 1. List of Knight Fees as Recorded by Payment in the 1168 auxilium 254 Appendix 2. Scutage Payments by County in the Reign of Henry II … 255 1159 Scutage for the Expedition to Toulouse … … … … 256 1161 Scutage … … … … … … … … 264 1162 Scutage … … … … … … … … 272 1165 Scutage for the Expedition to Wales … … … … 279 1168 Aid for the Marriage of the King’s Daughter … … … 286 1169 Aid for the Marriage of the King’s Daughter … … … 295 1172 Scutage for the Expedition to Ireland … … … … 304 1187 Scutage for the Expedition to Galloway … … … 313 Appendix 3. Military Expenditures in the Counties of Shropshire and Kent 320 Shropshire … … … … … … … … 321 Kent … … … … … … … … … 337 Appendix 4. Wages and Service Periods of Knights and Serjeants … … 353 Appendix 5. Dover Castle Guard as Recorded in the Red Book of the Exchequer 370 3 List of Tables Table 1: Scutage Rates under Henry II … … … … … 37 Table 2: Scutage Rates under Richard I and John … … … 39 Map 1: The Geographical Arrangement of the Catalogus Baronum … 57 Table 3: Enfeoffments of the Bishoprics of England … … … 64 Table 4: Enfeoffments of the Bishoprics of Normandy … … 65 Table 5: Enfeoffments of the Bishoprics of Apulia and Capua … 65 Table 6: Enfeoffments of the Religious Houses of England … … 66 Table 7: Enfeoffments of the Religious Houses of Normandy … … 67 Table 8: Enfeoffments of the Religious Houses of Apulia and Capua … 67 Table 9: Enfeoffments of the Earls of England … … … … 71 Table 10: Enfeoffments of the Counts of Normandy … … … 73 Table 11: Enfeoffments of the Counts of Apulia and Capua … … 73 Table 12: Percentages for Henry II’s Scutages … … … … 120 Table 13: Payments in Kent for Porters and Watchmen … … … 133 Table 14: Hierarchy of Pay for Knights and Serjeants in the Reign of R. I 136 Chart 1: Military Expenditures in Shropshire and Kent from H. II to John 160 Table 15: The Number of Knights Serving or Commuting in H. II’s Reign 179 Table 16: Royal Castle Guard … … … … … … 195 Table 17: Baronies and Fees Serving at Dover Castle … … … 198 Table 18: The Inheritance of Dover Castle Guard by Barony … … 200 Figure 1: The Bronze Doors of San Clemente a Casauria … … 223 4 Abbreviations Catalogus Catalogus Baronum, Evelyn Jamison (ed.) (Rome, 1972). Dialogus Richard fitz Nigel, Dialogus de Scaccario, Emilie Amt and S.D. Church (eds. and trans.), New Edition (Oxford, 2007). Falcandus (eng.) Hugo Falcandus, The History of the Tyrants of Sicily, Graham Loud and Thomas Wiedemann (eds. and trans.) (Manchester, 1998). Falcandus (lat.) Ugo Falcando, La Historia o Liber de Regno Sicilie, G.B. Siragusa (ed.), Fonti per la Storia d’Italia, 12 (Rome, 1897). Feudal Assessments Keefe, Thomas K., Feudal Assessments and the Political Community under Henry II and His Sons (Berkeley, 1983). Feudal England John Horace Round, Feudal England (London, 1895; Reprint, London, 1964). Jamison, ‘Additional Work’ Evelyn Jamison and Dione Clementi, ‘Additional Work by E. Jamison on the Catalogus Baronum,’ Bullettino dell’Istituto italiano per il Medio Evo e Archivio Muratoriano, 83 (1971), 1-63. Le Régime Féodal Claude Cahen, Le Régime Féodal de l’Italie Normande (Paris, 1940). Malaterra (eng.) Geoffrey Malaterra, The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of his Brother Duke Robert Guiscard, Kenneth Baxter Wolf (trans.) (Ann Arbor, 2005). 5 Malaterra (lat.) Gaufredo Malaterra, De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis et Roberti Guiscardi Ducis Fratris Eius, Ernesto Pontieri (ed.), Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, 5 pt. 1 (Bologna: 1928). Military Organization C. Warren Hollister, The Military Organization of Norman England (Oxford, 1965). P.R. Pipe Rolls. References to the Pipe Rolls are listed by regnal year of the king concerned, and are published by the Pipe Roll Society. RBE Red Book of the Exchequer, Hubert Hall (ed.), 3 vols., Rolls Series, ic (London, 1896). Both personal and place names have been translated into English were the English equivalent is either obvious or commonly known. All other names have been left in the original Latin as recorded in the source. Additionally, some place names have been left in the original Latin for certain comparative purposes. Maps are based on those provided in E. Jamison, Catalogus Baronum and R. Bartlett ‘Provisioning War in the Twelfth Century,’ Atlas of Medieval Europe, Angus Mackay and David Ditchburn (eds.) (London, 1997), 125-7. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 6 Introduction There is no clear documentation of the structure of military obligation in medieval England before the twelfth century, and the reign of Henry II. A hundred years previously, England had been invaded and conquered by the Normans in the year 1066. The Battle of Hastings and subsequent Norman Conquest have been seen by later medieval