Tasmanian Plant Biosecurity Routine Import Risk Analysis (IRA) for Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) Plant Biosecurity & Diagnostics Branch BIOSECURITY TASMANIA DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES, PARKS, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT Version 2.6 Controlled Copy Published by: © Biosecurity Tasmania, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania. Online publication ISBN: 978-1-74380-069-0 Printed publication ISBN: 978-1-74380-068-3 Cite as: Cross, P. (2020) Routine Import Risk Analysis for Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd). Biosecurity Tasmania, DPIPWE, Hobart, 34PP. URL: https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/biosecurity-tasmania/plant-biosecurity/biosecurity-tasmania-import- risk-analysis-assessment-processes/finalised-import-risk-analyses COVER PHOTOGRAPHY Left: Potatoes – Lynn Broos, DPIPWE. Middle - PSTVd-infected tomato plant (on left compared to a healthy tomato plant on right) – image courtesy of Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development website, Western Australia. Right – Potato plants – Lynn Broos, DPIPWE. INSIDE COVER PHOTOGRAPHY (from left to right) PSTVd-infected potatoes (on right compared to a healthy tuber on left) – image courtesy of National Plant Protection Organization, The Netherlands, Bugwood.org PSTVd-infected tomato plant (on left compared to a healthy tomato plant on right) – image courtesy of Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development website, Western Australia Tomato seed – image courtesy of Gardening Australia website ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This template has drawn upon elements of methodology first presented in Standard Operating Procedure No.10 – Routine IRA Methodology (DPIPWE 2014), other Plant Biosecurity & Diagnostics Branch (PBDB) IRA reviews, and the Tasmanian Risk Analysis Framework (DPIPWE 2010). Review of this (single) Pest IRA Template by PBDB colleagues is appreciated. Further information: Plant Biosecurity and Diagnostics Branch Biosecurity Tasmania, DPIPWE PO Box 303 Devonport TAS 7310 Phone: 1300 368 550 Email: [email protected] Routine IRA for Potato spindle tuber viroid, Ver 2.6, PBDB, DPIPWE, May 2021 ii Controlled Copy DOCUMENT RELEASE NOTICE This is Version 2.6 of this Routine Import Risk Analysis (IRA) for Potato spindle tuber viroid. This Report is a managed document controlled and issued by the Plant Biosecurity & Diagnostics Branch (PBDB), Biosecurity Tasmania (BT) Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment (DPIPWE). Recipients should remove superseded versions from circulation. Recipients are responsible for accurate citation when referring to this Report. This document is authorised for release. PREPARED by: Peter Cross, Team Leader – Plant Pathology, BT DATE: 4/05/2021 REVIEWED by: PBDB Policy Group, BT ACCEPTED: Andrew Bishop, Chief Plant Health Manager, BT DATE: 05/05/2021 1. BUILD STATUS: Version Date Author Reason Focus 1.0 17/04/2020 Peter Cross, PBDB, BT Draft review Internal 2.0 11/05/2020 Peter Cross, PBDB, BT Draft for peer review Internal 2.1 14/05/2020 Peter Cross, PBDB, BT Draft for peer review Internal 2.2 15/05/2020 Peter Cross, PBDB, BT Draft for peer review Internal 2.3 28/05/2020 Peter Cross, PBDB, BT Modified draft for public comment External 2.4 7/10/2020 Peter Cross, PBDB, BT Further modifications Internal 2.5 19/10/2020 Peter Cross, PBDB, BT Modified draft for public comment (2nd round) External 2.6 4/05/2021 Peter Cross, PBDB, BT Final draft incorporating public feedback External 2. DISTRIBUTION: Copy No Version Issue Date Issued To Controlled 1.0 17/04/2020 Chief Plant Health Manager and Plant Biosecurity & Diagnostics Branch policy team in Biosecurity Tasmania Controlled 2.0 11/05/2020 Chief Plant Health Manager and Plant Biosecurity & Diagnostics Branch policy team in Biosecurity Tasmania Controlled 2.1 14/05/2020 Chief Plant Health Manager and Plant Biosecurity & Diagnostics Branch policy team in Biosecurity Tasmania Controlled 2.2 15/05/2020 Public release draft consultation round Controlled 2.5 19/10/2020 Public release draft consultation round (2nd round) Uncontrolled 2.6 4/05/2021 Public Release final IRA Disclaimer The information provided in this document is provided in good faith. The Crown, its officers, employees and agents do not accept liability however arising, including liability for negligence, for any loss resulting from the use of or reliance upon the information in this document and/or reliance on its availability at any time. Routine IRA for Potato spindle tuber viroid, Ver 2.6, PBDB, DPIPWE, May 2021 iii Controlled Copy TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY and Acronyms v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 RECOMMENDATIONS 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1 BACKGROUND 3 1.2 PURPOSE 3 1.3 SCOPE 4 1.4 INDUSTRY PROFILE 5 2. Method 7 2.1 RISK ASSESSMENT 8 2.1.1 Pest Categorisation 8 2.1.2 Estimation of Unrestricted Risk 9 2.2 RISK MANAGEMENT 10 3. Risk Assessment Results 12 3.1 PEST CATEGORISATION PRELIMINARY SCREENING 12 3.2 PEST PROFILE 14 Species: Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) 14 Distribution 14 Host Range 14 Biology 16 Control 17 Invasive Capacity 17 3.3 RISK ASSESSMENT 19 3.3.1 Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) 19 3.3.1.1 Likelihood of Entry, Establishment & Spread 20 3.3.1.2 Consequence Estimations 24 3.3.1.3 Overall Magnitude of Consequence: 25 3.3.1.4 ALOP Statement: 26 3.3.1.5 Level of Pest Quarantine Status for Potato spindle tuber viroid 27 4. Risk Management 28 4.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 28 4.1.1 Potatoes for propagation, processing or consumption 29 4.1.2 Ornamental hosts including seed 30 4.1.3 Further Considerations 31 4.2 STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATIONS 32 4.3 IRA Review Timelines 32 5. Conclusions 32 6. References 33 7. Appendices 35 APPENDIX 1 – FLOWCHART OF KEY DECISION STEPS OF THE TASMANIAN PLANT BIOSECURITY IRA REVIEW PROCESS 35 APPENDIX 2 - REVISED IMPORT REQUIREMENT 9: POTATOES - IMPORT CONDITIONS 36 APPENDIX 3 - SCIENTIFIC ISSUES RAISED IN STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS 39 Routine IRA for Potato spindle tuber viroid, Ver 2.6, PBDB, DPIPWE, May 2021 iv Controlled Copy GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS ALOP Appropriate Level of Protection: For Tasmania, this is defined as a high or very conservative level of protection that does not demand zero risk, but only accepts risk at or below a ‘very low’ level. APPD Australian Plant Pest Database AQP Approved Quarantine Place (as per Plant Quarantine Act 1997 (Tasmania)) AuSPICA Australian Seed Potato Independent Certification Authority DAWE / DAWR Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment (Australia) / Commonwealth Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Australia) DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water, and Environment (Tasmania) SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access (Australia) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ICA Interstate Certification Assurance (agreement) IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IRA Import Risk Analysis IR Import Requirement (for plant and plant products specified in the Plant Biosecurity Manual Tasmania) ISPM 10 International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures: Pest Free Place of Production ISPM 11 International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures: Pest Risk Analysis List A disease A declared disease (Regulated Quarantine Pest) that is not present in Tasmania List B disease A declared disease (Regulated Quarantine Pest) that is present in Tasmania but under official control NQP Non-Quarantine Pest PBDB Plant Biosecurity & Diagnostics Branch, Biosecurity Tasmania, DPIPWE PBMTas Plant Biosecurity Manual Tasmania PCN Potato Cyst Nematode PFPP Pest Free Place of Production PQA 1997 Plant Quarantine Act 1997 (Tasmania) PQP Potential Quarantine Pest PRA Pest Risk Analysis PSTVd Potato spindle tuber viroid RAF Risk Analysis Framework (Tasmania) Risk Analysis Risk assessment, risk management and risk communication RQP Regulated Quarantine Pest SOP Standard Operating Procedure SPS Agreement WTO Agreement on the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures TBIMS Tasmanian (Plant) Biosecurity Information Management System UQP Unwanted Quarantine Pest URE Unrestricted Risk Estimate WTO World Trade Organisation Routine IRA for Potato spindle tuber viroid, Ver 2.6, PBDB, DPIPWE, May 2021 v Controlled Copy EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) was determined as being established on mainland Australia and not eradicable in 2015 by the National Management Group (NMG). This change of status nationally meant that Tasmania needed to risk assess this pest and determine if it required reclassification as a List A disease Regulated Quarantine Pest (RQP) and thus regulate for it. Whilst there have been a number of successful eradication programs in glasshouse / polyhouse tomatoes for PSTVd, establishment in field grown tomato crops in Carnarvon, Western Australia (including weeds), plus the distribution of infected potato vine via nursery supply chains means that the viroid is likely widespread. Further to this, the viroid is asymptomatic in potato vine and its other ornamental hosts meaning that its potential spread has gone unnoticed. A key issue is assessing the risk of movement from these ornamentals in established residential gardens to potato and tomato crops in Tasmania. A pest profile was conducted to determine the potential impact to Tasmanian agricultural industries and the potential pest status including inherent challenges in regulating. The resulting unrestricted risk estimate (URE) was ‘Low’ which does not meet Tasmania’s ALOP of ‘very low’ risk. Therefore