Notes 1. One illegitimate child was Tolstoy's son Andrei's stableman, TImofei Ermilovich Bazykin (57:218; S. M. Tolstoi, 1994, 182). The child's mother was Aksin'ia Aleksandrovna Bazykina, wife of a peasant in one of Tolstoy's villages (Gusev, 1957,301-2,363; Ivanova, 1971, 46-53). Another (somewhat less solidly documented) illegitimate child was named Mariia (Matrena), daughter of another local peasant woman named Mariia Kraineva (Murygin, 1995). 2. Gor'kii, 1949-55, vol 14, 262. The obscenity is deleted in Gorky's text, but the context ('using a salty peasant word') makes it clear that the word isebyr' (thanks to Yuri Druzhnikov for assistance here). 3. Rancour-Laferriere, 1993a, viii. 4. See Aldanov, 1969 (1923), with its insightful introduction by Thomas Winner, and Timkovskii, 1913 (p. 6). 5. Dillon, 1934,269. 6. Berlin, 1979, 22-81. 7. Aldanov, 1969 (1923),75-6. 8. Gustafson, 1986. 9. Benson, 1973. 10. 53:208. 11. For example: Gor'kii, 1949-55, vol. 14,261-2,291-2; Boborykin, 1978 (1909), vol. I, 272. 12. Grigorovich, 1978, 77. ct. p. 525 of the same volume for corroboration of this incident by both Nekrasov and Turgenev. 13. Peterson, 1978 (1909), 122. 14. As translated from the memoir of Aleksandr Gol'denveizer (1959,51) by Ruth Crego Benson (1973,4). 15. I have slightly modified Ruth Crego Benson's translation (1973, 9) of an 1847 diary entry (46:32-3). 16. 50:42. 17. As translated from a diary entry of 1899 (53:231) by Ruth Crego Benson (1973, 13). 18. Gusev, 1973 (1911),90; d. Gol'denveizer, 1959, 78. 19. Gusev, 1973, 141. 20. As quoted from P. A. Sergeenko by Dmitrii Merezhkovskii, 1995 (1900),27. 21. Diary entry for 24 Aug. 1898 (53:209). 22. As quoted by Andrei Gavriilovich Rusanov in Rusanov and Rusanov, 1972,186. 23. Diary entry for 4 July 1890 (51:58). 24. Gor'kii, 1949-55, vol. 14,265. 25. Rusanov and Rusanov, 1972, 190; Gol'denveizer, 1959, 386. 26. ct. Benson, 1973, 107; Semon, 1984, 470ff.; Armstrong, 1988, 136; Mandelker, 1993,40. 27. Gor'kii, 1949-55, vol. 14,263. 28. MelBer, 1988; Engelstein, 1992; d. also Gomaia, 1988. 203 204 Notes 29. For example: Berman, 1990; Rogers, 1991; Rancour-Laferriere, 1993a; Schapiro, 1994. 30. Rancour-Laferriere, 1996. 31. Cf. Meyers, 1988,251. 32. For example, not included are works by the ardent Tolstoyan Isaak Borisovich Fainerman, who published much on Tolstoy under the name of I. Teneromo. 33. Elms, 1994,22. 34. The transliteration of Tolstoy's title is correct as given. Tolstoy did not follow the convention of writing sumasshedshii, according to Boris Eikhenbaum's commentary in the Jubilee edition (26: 853). 35. A few final changes were added in proof in October, after Tolstoy re­ turned from his journey. 36. See Gusev, 1957,680-84for the most reliable and detailed account. The distance calculation is mine. 37. Tolstaia, 1978a, vol. 1,495. 38. See Arbuzov, 1904,44. The Arbuzov memoir has to be used with cau­ tion, as it is full of factual errors (for example, Arbuzov has the trip tak­ ing place in 1870 instead of 1869). 39. 83: 163-4; 168. 40. For example: 83:139-40, 142, 144. See also the memoir by Stepan Andreevich Bers, Tolstoy'S brother-in-law, who says Tolstoy did not like being away from the family even for a short time(Bers, 1978 [1894], vol. 1, 179). 41. 83: 166-7. 42. Cf. Arbuzov, 1904,46. 43. 83: 167-8. 44. Psychoanalyst Nikolai Osipov (Ossipow, 1923, 149) views the episode as a manifestation of 'strongly pronounced anxiety neurosis'. The notion of anxiety neurosis (Osipov utilizes Freud's termAngstneurose) is now somewhat antiquated. Moscow neurologist Aleksandr Vein, borrowing from American medical terminology, calls the episode a 'panic attack' (panicheskuiu ataku-Vein, 1995, 11). In modern diagnostic terms (but still speaking very broadly), the episode manifests some features of both an anxiety disorder (DSM III, 230 ff.; DSM IV, 393 ff.) and depression (DSM III, 210 ff.i DSM IV, 320 ff.). The anxiety seems predominant in this particular instance, however, for there is an ener­ getic effort to escape from the source of anxious and depressive feel­ ings. A severely depressed person - one whose primary problem is depression - would probably not have the energy to jump up and leave the way Tolstoy does here (I wish to thank Dr Kathryn Jaeger for point­ ing this out). On some of the technical difficulties of distinguishing anx­ iety from depression, see the volume edited by Kendall and Watson (1989, esp. 3-26). Psychiatrist A. M. Evlakhov refers to the quoted passage as an example of Tolstoy'S 'impulsivity', for the departure from Arzamas was indeed sudden (1930, 63). But the anxiety and depression which precipitated it are not analysed, most likely because they do not fit too well with Evlakhov's overall diagnosis of Tolstoy as an epileptic. Notes 205 45. I use the expression 'depressive anxiety' here (and later) as a con­ venient shorthand for referring to anxiety with associated depression, not necessarily as an affirmation of a Kleinian view of the origin of anx­ iety (d: Bowlby, 1973, 384-7; Klein, 1977 [1935],262-89). Cf. also the proposed new diagnostic category of 'mixed anxiety-depressive disor­ der'in DSM IV,723-5. 46. Ozhegov, 1968, 792. 47. Tolstaia, 1978c, 47. 48. The word in this context has been translated variously as 'despair' (Parthe, 1885a; Wilson, 1988, 250; Christian, 1978, vol. I, 222), 'anxiety' (Gustafson, 1986, 192), 'misery' (Spence, 1967,46), and 'melancholy' (Orwin, 1993, 164). For an excellent analysis of the multiple meanings of the word toska in a story by Chekhov, see: Siemens, 1994. 49. For example, 48:62. On Tolstoy'S reaction to his brother Nikolai's death, see: McLean, 1989, 150 ff. The periodic depressive moods during the writing of War and Peace are especially clear from the memoir of Tat'iana Kuzminskaia (1986). 50. See the memoir of Tolstoy'S eldest son Sergei L'vovich Tolstoi (1956, 20, 38) who characterizes the attacks as boleznennyi pripadokin each case. Cf. also Gusev, 1957,683;Gor'kii, 1949-55, vol. 14,280; Opul'skaia, 1979, 100. 51. Tolstoy sometimes reacts in this superstitious fashion when he has a bad dream about someone, as if the dream were an indicator of some­ thing that has happened to the person in objective reality. For example, in a letter of 23 Dec. 1851 to his brother Sergei he writes about their brother Dmitrii: 'What's with Mitin'ka? I had a very bad dream about him on 22 December. Has something happened to him [Ne sluchilos' Ii s nim chego nibud']?' (59:132). 52. 83:168; 164. 53. Gustafson, 1988, 193; d. de Courcel, 1988 (1980), 108. 54. Smith and Allred, 1989. 55. 83:168. 56. 83:168, emphasis added. 57. 83:168. 58. 83:168. 59. 83:167. 60. Winnicott, 1972,36. 61. SE, vol XX, 169-70; d. 137-8. 62. For example: Bowlby, 1960; 1973; 1980;DSMIII,50-53;DSMIV, 110--13; Greenberg and Mitchell, 1983, 184--7; Thorpe and Burns, 1983, 54; Routh and Bernholtz, 1991; Lipsitz et aI., 1994; Deltito and Hahn, 1993; Quinodoz, 1993 (1991). 63. Cf. DSM IV, 396. It is possible to take note of the obvious conceptual connection between adult separation anxiety and adult agoraphobia without resolving the question of whether childhood separation an­ xiety predisposes one to agoraphobia in adulthood (d. Thyer, 1993). 64. For example, Eikhenbaum in the Jubilee edition, 26:853; Gusev, 1957, 683; Zhdanov, 1993 (1928), 94; Gustafson, 1986, 192-3. It should be mentioned that 'Notes of a Madman' has several prede­ cessors which Tolstoy may have had in mind while writing, most 206 Notes obviously Nikolai Gogol's own story entitled 'Notes of a Madman' (1835). Petr Chaadaev's ironic essay Apology of a Madman (1837) is another candidate. Aleksandr Pushkin's poem 'Wanderer' (Strannik, 1835), which describes an episode of severe depression, may also be included here (I wish to thank Thomas Newlin for bringing this last work to my attention). Comparative study of Tolstoy'S text with its various subtexts or intertexts would no doubt be rewarding, but my primary concern here is Tolstoy'S psyche. 65. Shestov, 1967 (1929),162. 66. Shestov, 1967 (1929), 162, 159, 158. 67. Spence,1967,48. 68. Tolstaia, 1978, vol. 1,498, emphasis added. 69. 49:75-6; 77. Compare Osipov (1913, 144) who believes that the narrator of 'Notes of a Madman' is obsessed with the idea of madness. 70. See: I. L. Tolstoi, 1914, 105-12 (= 25:519). 71. Diary entry of 18 November 1889 (50:180). A similar sentiment is expressed by the narrator at the end of The Devil. 72. 38:417. For photographs of Tolstoy visiting with patients in two differ- ent psychiatric hospitals in 1910, see: Loginova et al., 1995,508-9. 73. See: Aldanov, 1969 (1923),8-9,l6-17;Ossipow,1929;Schefski,1978. 74. See Parthe, 1985, 80. 75. 26:853; d. 34:373. 76. 26:475. 77. 26:466. 78. Gusev, 1954,65. 79. lowe this idea to Barbara Milman. 80. 26:467. 81. 26:853. 82. 26:467. 83. Gusev, 1954, 88-9. Tolstoy'S sister reports that, when the brothers would offend little Levochka as a child, he would run away from them and cry. Asked why he was crying, he would reply: 'They are hurting my feelings' (Menia obizhaiut-ibid., 88). 84. 23:306. 85. Using terminology which is now somewhat antiquated, Osipov (1913, 146) refers to the child's outbursts as 'hysterical attacks'.