Section 2 Table of Contents South Africa Case Study ............................................................................................................. 224 Acronyms..................................................................................................................................... 224 9 Draft Hydropolitical Map...................................................................................................... 231 9.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 231 9.2 Theoretical Discussion of Maps ................................................................................. 231 9.2.1 Types of Maps ................................................................................................... 231 9.2.2 Understanding Maps ......................................................................................... 235 9.2.3 Key Features of Maps ....................................................................................... 236 9.3 How to Map Conflicts, Competitions, Causes............................................................ 240 9.3.1 Situational Maps ................................................................................................ 240 9.3.2 Social Worlds/Arenas Maps .............................................................................. 241 9.3.3 Positional Maps ................................................................................................. 241 9.4 How to Use Maps in Empowering Ways.................................................................... 242 9.4.1 Maps as Empowerment Tools........................................................................... 243 9.4.2 Mapping Hydropolitical South Africa ................................................................. 244 9.5 How to Tackle Multiscalar Issues............................................................................... 246 9.6 Preliminary Situational Map ....................................................................................... 250 10 Evolving Water Governance Framework........................................................................ 251 10.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 251 10.2 Legacies of Apartheid................................................................................................. 251 10.3 The Constitutional Context......................................................................................... 252 10.4 The Policy Context ..................................................................................................... 253 10.5 Wall to Wall Municipalities.......................................................................................... 254 10.6 The Legal Context...................................................................................................... 255 10.7 Free Basic Water........................................................................................................ 256 10.8 Partnerships and New Technologies ......................................................................... 256 10.9 The Ecological Reserve ............................................................................................. 258 11 Case study selection and methodology.......................................................................... 259 11.1 Introduction: Development of Typology...................................................................... 259 11.2 Proximate Variables for Typology of Hydropolitical Geographies.............................. 262 11.2.1 Overall Health and Well Being........................................................................... 262 11.2.2 Capacity............................................................................................................. 265 South Africa Case Study i 11.2.3 Community Trust ............................................................................................... 267 11.2.4 Environmental Sustainability ............................................................................. 268 11.2.5 Livelihoods and Growth..................................................................................... 271 11.3 ‘Standard’ and ‘Distinctive’ Cases to Complete the Hydropolitical Map .................... 273 11.4 Case Study Motivations ............................................................................................. 274 11.4.1 KwaZulu Natal, Umkhanykude, Mseleni............................................................ 274 11.4.2 Western Cape, Theewaterskloof, Grabouw ...................................................... 275 11.4.3 Limpopo/Mpumalanga, Bushbuckridge ............................................................. 277 11.5 Case Study Methodology ........................................................................................... 277 11.5.1 Building and Testing Hydropolitical Mapping Methodologies............................ 277 11.5.2 Discourse as Political Practice .......................................................................... 278 11.5.3 Critical Ethnography .......................................................................................... 279 11.5.4 Grounded Theory .............................................................................................. 279 11.5.5 Participatory Research Methodology ................................................................ 282 11.5.6 Caveats.............................................................................................................. 283 11.5.7 Cases, Questionnaires and Outputs ................................................................. 284 12 Grabouw case study....................................................................................................... 286 12.1 The hydropolitical constellation .................................................................................. 286 12.2 Representations of water in Grabouw and drivers of conflict, competition and co- operation .................................................................................................................................. 292 12.2.1 Theewaterskloof/Grabouw Municipality............................................................. 294 12.3 Evaluation of tools and strategies deployed and lessons learned for hydropolitical mapping ................................................................................................................................... 315 12.4 End-user mapping...................................................................................................... 318 13 Mseleni Case Study........................................................................................................ 321 13.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 321 13.2 Key discourses ........................................................................................................... 321 13.2.1 The value of water ............................................................................................. 322 13.2.2 Water as scarce or abundant ............................................................................ 322 13.2.3 Responsibility for water management ............................................................... 322 13.2.4 Technology ........................................................................................................ 323 13.3 Sketch of hydropolitics in Mseleni.............................................................................. 323 13.4 Methodology............................................................................................................... 324 13.5 Findings...................................................................................................................... 326 13.5.1 The Actors ......................................................................................................... 326 13.5.2 The Discourses.................................................................................................. 331 13.5.3 The role of technology ....................................................................................... 335 13.5.4 Scalar level........................................................................................................ 336 South Africa Case Study ii 13.5.5 How things fit together in Mseleni: Interpreting the maps ................................. 337 13.5.6 Report backs & end-user mapping: conceptualising the way forward .............. 342 13.5.7 Emerging patterns and themes ......................................................................... 347 13.6 Reflections on methodology: towards a rapid hydropolitical assessment tool........... 347 13.6.1 Critical ethnography........................................................................................... 347 13.6.2 Working with a local interpreter ......................................................................... 348 13.6.3 The politics of research in a traditional, rural Zulu community .......................... 349 13.7 Hydropolitical assessment ......................................................................................... 349 13.8 Situational, social worlds, positional & process maps for Mseleni............................. 353 13.8.1 Mseleni Situational Map: elements which bound ‘the