A Glossary on Violent Conflict Terms and Concepts Used in Conflict Prevention, Mitigation, and Resolution in the Context of Disaster Relief and Sustainable Development Fourth Edition Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development Office of Sustainable Development Bureau for Africa Crisis, Mitigation and Recovery Division By Payson Conflict Study Group Tulane University Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer May 2001 Contract AOT-A-00-99-00260-00 Introduction A growing area of concern for the international aid community is how best to monitor and deliver emergency humanitarian assistance, mitigate disasters, and make a transition towards sustainable development assistance. In this regard the practitioner is constrained by a lack of a widely accepted set of definitions and concepts that can readily be applied to policy formulation, program design and implementation. This document identifies and develops a set of terms and concepts commonly used in monitoring and analysis of violent conflict, especially in relation to humanitarian relief and sustainable development. Some of the terms and concepts attributed to authors cited in the text are not necessarily direct quotes. While maintaining the substantive content of a given definition, grammatical and stylistic alterations have been made for the sake of clarity or brevity. The present authors have also given their own definitions of concepts where appropriate. For some terms for which there is no generally agreed-upon definition, we have provided multiple definitions. List of Terms Aborted state Amnesty Brain drain Absolute poverty Anarchic state Brinkmanship Absolutism Anemic state Bureaucratic politics Absorptive capacity Anomic group Calorie requirement Accelerators Appropriate technology Calorie supply per capita Acculturation Arbitration Capacity building Active discrimination Armed conflict Capital flight Adjudication Asset ownership Capital stock Adjustment assistance Assimilation Captured agency Advanced capitalism Associational group Captured state Adverse or disruptive Asymmetrical federalism Cartel regime transitions Auction politics Cash crops Advocacy Autarchy Casual employment Affirmative action Authoritarian Chaos African Renaissance Autocracy Character of economic Agenda-setting Autonomy growth Agrarian system Balance of payments Charismatic authority Agricultural extension Balance of power Checks and balances services Balkanization Child soldier Agricultural labor Bargaining Citizenship productivity Basic education Civil disobedience Agricultural sector Basic needs Civil rights/liberties Aid weariness (fatigue) Bhutanization Civil society Aggravating factors Big brotherism Civil war Aggression Black market Civil-military operations Alienation Bottom up Clan-katura The views herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting those of USAID 1 Cleavage Crisis Emerging infectious Closed economy Crisis management diseases CNN factor Cult of personality Empire Coalition Cultural imperialism Empowerment Coalition building Culture Enclave Coalition government Curative medicine Enclave economies Coercion De-accelerator Environmental capital Coercive diplomacy Delegitimation Environmental Coexistence Demagogue degradation Collapsing state Demobilization Epidemiological Collective defense Demobilized transition Collective intervention Democracy Essentialism Collective responsibility Democratization Ethnic cleansing Collective security Demographic pressure Ethnic war Collective violence Demographic transition Ethnicity Collectivism Demonstration effects Ethnicity of ruling elite Combat Dependence Ethnocentrism Common property Deregulation Ethnocide resource Desertification Ethnoclass Communal contender Despotism Ethnodevelopment Comparative politics Deterrence Ethno-nationalism Complementary Development Ethnonationalists/ethnic investments Development refugees nationalists Complex (humanitarian) Devolution Ethno-political conflict emergency Dialogue Ethnopolitical groups Compromise Diaspora Ethno-sexual violence Concentration camp Dictatorship Export dependence Conciliation Diplomacy Export earnings Conciliator Direct democracy instability Conditionality Disaster Externality Confederation Disaster mitigation Faction Conflict Disaster prevention Federalism Conflict impact Disaster reconstruction Federation assessment system Disaster rehabilitation Fellow traveler Conflict mitigation/ Discouraged workers Feud management Disenfranchisement Food insecurity Conflict prevention Disguised Food security Conflict resolution unemployment Foreign aid Congo effect Dispute Foreign (external) Connectors Distributive laws influence Conscientization Diversity Foreign internal defense Conscription Divide and rule Free rider problem Consent of the governed Dividers Freedom of movement Conservatism Dominance Frozen democracy Consociational Dominant minorities Gender gap democracy Dynamic variables Gender sensitivity Consolidated democracy Early preventive Gender violence Constituent diplomacy General strike Consultation Early warning Genocide Consumption Economic determinism Gerrymander diseconomies Economic growth Ghetto Consumption economies Economic infrastructure Globalization Cost of conflict Egalitarianism Good governance Counter-revolution Elite-dominated Governance Coup d’état democracy Grassroots Crimes against humanity Grievance The views herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting those of USAID 2 Gross domestic product Internationalism Near crisis Guerilla warfare Intervention Necessary condition Head of government Iron triangle Necessity goods Health services access Irredentism Necklacing Health expenditures Isolationism Negotiation Hidden unemployment Jobless growth Neo-colonialization Human capital Judicial activism Neo-colonial Human resources Junta dependence model development Killing field Noise Human rights Late preventive Nomenklatura Human security diplomacy Nonalignment Humanitarian emergency Late warning Nonassociational (latent) Humanitarian Legitimacy group intervention Level of living Nonformal education Hyperinflation Level of visible security Non-intervention Ideological party Liberalism Nonrenewable resources Ideology Liberation Nonviolence Immunization rate Limited government Official opposition Income difference Logrolling One-party-dominant Income distribution Low intensity conflict system Income gap Lustration Open economy Income inequality Macroeconomic Operational prevention Income in kind instability Opportunity cost Indigenization Majority government Opportunity cost of a Indigenous peoples Malnutrition woman’s time Indirect aggression Market failure Opportunity cost of Infant mortality rate Market-friendly approach education Inferior good Mass media Outside influence Inflation Mass-dominated Overeducation Informal finance democracy Package of policies Informal sector Media freedom Paradigm Institutional violence Mediation Parastate Institutions Mediation process Partial democracy Insurgency Merit recruitment Participatory democracy Insurrection Militarization Partition Integrated rural Military civic action Patrón development Military operations other Patron-client Integration than war relationship Interactive conflict Military schools PDD 25 – reforming resolution Minor armed conflict multilateral peace Interest (pressure) group Minority government operations Interest party Minority people PDD 56 – managing Intermediate armed Mobilization complex contingency conflict Mobilizing factors operations Internal conflict Moneylender Peace Internal defense and Monism Peace building development Monitoring Peace constituency Internal (economic) Multi-track diplomacy Peace enforcement balance Nation Peace making Internal security National liberation Peace operations Internally displaced National minority Peaceful coexistence persons National people Peacekeeping International conflict Nationalism Peacekeeping forces management/mediation Nationalization Peacekeeping mandate International order Nation-state Peacekeeping International regime Natural authority operations The views herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting those of USAID 3 Personal rule Recession Stabilization policies Phantom/mirage state Reconciliation Staple food Physical capital Reconstruction State Physical resources Redistribution policies State capacity Pivotal factors Referendum State class Plebiscite Re-emerging infectious State collapse/failure Plural society diseases State terrorism Pluralism Refoulement Stratified society Plurality Refugee Strike Polarization Regime Structural adjustment Political and economic Regime duration loans discrimination Rehabilitation Structural prevention Political culture Reintegration Structural variable Political economy Relief Structural violence Political Renewable resources Subsistence economy enfranchisement Rent Subsistence farming Political exclusion Rent seeking Sufficient condition Political legitimacy Repatriation Sustainability Political police Repression Sustainable security Political rights Residual discrimination Sustenance Political will Residual powers Tenant farmer Politically motivated aid Resistance movement Terrorism Politicization Retrodictive analysis Theocracy Popular sovereignty Revolution Tied aid Populism Revolutionary war Torture Pork-barrel legislation Rigid institutions Totalitarianism Poverty gap Risk Track one diplomacy Power mediation Risk assessment Track two diplomacy Power-sharing Rogue