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Xstox University Microfilms MO North Zwb Hoad Ann Arbor, Michigan 4S10S I t 76-3404 GQHEN, Join Arthur, 1939* AN Q C M m n O N OF POUR KEY MOTIFS POUND IN HIGH FANTASY PGR aOUKEN. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 Education, elementary t i Xtrox Unlvtnlty Microfilm*, AmArtwr.MiohiewiaiM © 1975 JOHN ARTHUR COHEN ALL RISHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. AN EXAMINATION OP FOUR KEY MOTIFS FOUND IN HIGH FANTASY FOR CHILDREN DISSERTATION Presented* in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John Cohen, B.A., M.Ed., F.T.C.L. «««»** The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee: Approved By Charlotte S. Huck, Ph.D. Martha L. King, Ph.D. L. Jane Stewart, M.A. Adviser College of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his gratitude to those whose assistance was indispensable in the pre­ paration of this dissertation. Especially warm thanks are due to Dr. Charlotte Huck, the writer's major adviser, who first suggested this study, and who, in spite of incredible demands on her time, was still able to give freely of her fine critical mind. This writer's admiration for her will always be profound. The author also is indebted to Professor Jane Stewart for her continued academic and moral support. Miss Stewart has continually been ready to listen and respond. Finally to Dr. Martha King, the writer expresses his gratitude for she has always been interested in the author's work and has given much encouragement for him to continue his writing. To my wife, Hilary, and our children Simon, Katherine, Nicholas, and Patrick, I give my love. Without their understanding and sacrifices this study would never have begun and certainly would not have been completed. ii VITA January 14, 1939........... B o m - Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia. 1957......................... Graduated from Newcastle Teachers* College, N.S.W., 2 year General Primary School Teaching Certificate 1958-1967 .................. Teacher, N.S.W. Public Schools 196 5 ......................... A.S.D.A. (Associate Diploma, Speech and Drama, Australia) 196 6 ......................... A.T.C.L. (Associate Diploma, Trinity College of Music, London) 196 7 ......................... L.T.C.L. (Licentiate Diploma, Trinity College of Music, London) 196 8 ......................... F.T.C.L. (Fellowship Diploma, Trinity College of Music, London) 1968-1972 .................. Assistant Professor, Armidale Teachers' College, N.S.W. 197 0 ......................... A.L.G.S. (Associate Diploma, with Honors, London Guild of Music and Speech, Australia) 197 1 ........... ............. L.L.G.S. (Licentiate Diploma, with Honors, London Guild of Music and Speech, Australia) 197 2 ......................... B.A. (University of New England, N.S.W.) 1972-1973 .................. Graduate Teaching Associate, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. 197 3 ......................... M.Ed (University of Saskatchewan) 1973-1975 .................. Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. 1975 P h . D. (The Ohio State University) 1975............................Assistant Professor, Armidale College of Advanced Education, N.S.W., Australia FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Education Studies in Children's Literature. Dr. Charlotte Huck Studies in Elementary Language Arts and Language Acquisition. Dr. Martha King Studies in Adolescent Literature and Aesthetics. Professor Jane Stewart iv * TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................... ii VITA ..................................................... iii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION................................. 1 Statement of the Problem................ 8 Selection Procedures. , . .............. 13 Significance of the Problem ............ 14 Review of Literature..................... 16 Plan of Study ............................ 43 Texts for Analysis....................... 44 II. VICTORIAN AND EDWARDIAN FANTASY ......... 47 Introduction. ..... ................ 47 The Water Babies .......................... 49 At the Back of the North Wind ..... 56 The Golden Kay ............................ 56 The Princess and the Goblin ............ 56 The Princess and Curdle ................ 56 Alice in Wonderland ..................... 69 Puck of Pook's H i l l ..................... 75 Rewards and Fairies ..................... 75 Five Children and It ..................... 81 The Phoenix and the Carpet.............. 81 The Story of the Amulet ................ 81 Peter P a n ................................. 89 S u m m a r y ................ 94 III. CREATED WORLDS .............................. 98 Introduction....................... 98 The H o b b i t ................................. 100 The Chronicles of Namia ................ 107 A Wrinkle in T i m e ....................... 114 The Chronicles of Prydain .............. 118 Elidor..................................... 124 The Cloud Forest. ..................... 129 The Light Maze ............................ 129 v Page The Tales of Earthsea................... 135 Journey Outside* ..................... 141 Enchantress from the Stars ............ 145 A Castle of B o n e ....................... 148 The Forgotten Be'asts of Eld ............ 153 Summary. ......... * ................ 157 C o n c l u s i o n .............................. 160 IV. TIME DISPLACEMENT.......................... 162 Introduction ............................ 162 The Chronicles of N a m l a .............. 164 The Children of Green Knowe ............ 168 Treasure of Green Knowe ................ 168 Tom's Midnight Garden................... 174 The Secret Friends ..................... 179 A Wrinkle in Time....................... 183 E a r t h f a s t s .............................. 187 Charlotte Sometimes..................... 192 The Light M a z e .......................... 196 The Satanic M i l l .................... 198 The Way H o m e ............................ 201 The Dark is Rising ..................... 205 The Court of the Stone Children. 210 Summary................................... 214 C o n c l u s i o n .............................. 217 V. Q U E S T ........................................ 219 Introduction . ....................... 219 The H o b b i t .............................. 222 The Summer Birds ....................... 228 The Chronicles of Prydain .............. 234 A Wizard of Earthsea .............. .. 240 Journey Outside .......................... 243 The Walking Stones ..................... 249 Enchantress from the S tars ............ 254 The Court of the Stone Children. 258 The Way H o m e ............................ 263 The Forgotten Beasts of Eld ............ 267 Summary................................... 273 C o n c l u s i o n .............................. 276 VI. COMBAT BETWEEN GOOD AND E V I L ............ 278 Introduction ............................ 278 The Chronicles of N a m l a .............. 280 The Weirdstone of Brlslngamen......... 286 The Moon of Gomrath..................... 286 vi Page The Owl Service......................... 290 A Wrinkle in Time....................... 295 A Wind in the D o o r .................... 299 An Enemy at Green Knowe. ......... 302 The Forgotten D o o r .................. 307 Over Sea, Under Stone.................. 312 The Dark is R i s i n g .................... 312 G r e e n w i t c h ............................. 312 Thomas and the Warlock ................ 319 The Haunted Mountain .................. 323 A Wizard of Earthsea .................. 328 The Tombs of Atuan .................... 328 The Farthest Shore