SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL Volume 3 October 2019 SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL GUEST EDITOR Kevin Kester, Keimyung University, South Korea Managing Editor Nasir M. Ali Assistant Managing Editor Ayan Rashid Ibrahim EDITORIAL BOARD Abdiralunan Ahmed Hussein, Universityof Hargeisa, Somaliland Abdiwasa Abdilahi Bade, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, Franz Fanon University, Somaliland Adan Yusuf Abokor, RiftV alley Institute, Somaliland Jama Musa Jama, Hargeysa Cultural Centre, Somaliland Ayan Yusuf Ali, ObseIVatory of Conflictand Violence Prevention, Somaliland Samuel Kale Ewusi, University forPeace Africa Programme, Ethiopia Kedir Jemal Ibrahim, University ofHargeisa, Somaliland INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Mohamed Salih, International Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands Kuruvilla Mathews, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Webster Zambara, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, South Africa Michael Walls, University College London, UK BarryHart, Eastern Mennonite University, USA Kevin Kester, Keimyung University, South Korea Jonathan Rudy, Elizabethtown College, USA Alexandra Lewis, University College London, UK ISSN: 2707-4897 Copyright © 2019 Institute forPeace and ConflictStu dies Institute forPeace and ConflictStudies B +252 (0) 63 442 7156 +252 (0) 63 442 6417 • [email protected] G www.instituteforpeace.org 3 | SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL Guidelines for Authors GUEST EDITOR Kevin Kester, Keimyung University, South Korea The SPDJ is an annual peer-reviewed academic ournal with an editorial and international advisory board. All submitted articles are subect to peer review by experts who Managing Editor specialized in the themes of the ournal. Hence, authors are suggested to adhere to the Nasir M. Ali following criteria: Assistant Managing Editor • The articles should be original and should not have been published Ayan Rashid Ibrahim previously, online, or in print format. • Length: 5,000–7,000 words (including references). • Format: All submissions must be in English and typed single-spaced, EDITORIAL BOARD 12 pt, with a one-inch margin. • Reference: Use Butcher’s Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handboo Abdirahman Ahmed Hussein, University of Hargeisa, Somaliland for Editors, Copy-editors, and Proofreaders. Abdiwasa Abdilahi Bade, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia • Title: Include a title of not more than 15 words Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, Franz Fanon University, Somaliland • Abstract: Include an abstract of not more than 350 words Adan Yusuf Boor, Rift Valley Institute, Somaliland • Diagrams, figures, maps, and other graphic materials should be placed Jama Musa Jama, Hargeysa Cultural Centre, Somaliland in the appropriate place in the manuscript, and captions should be Ayman Yusuf Ali, Observatory of Conflict and Violence Prevention, Somaliland provided immediately below its figure. Samuel Kale Ewusi, University for Peace Africa Programme, Ethiopia Kedir Jemal Ibrahim, University of Hargeisa, Somaliland The Journal reserve the right to alter and omit all articles submitted to assure the uality, or reect a paper, even after it has been accepted for publishing if it becomes apparent that serious problems are challenging the uality and integrity of the Journal. INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Mohamed Salih, International Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands Kuruvilla Mathews, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Webster Zambara, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, South Africa Michael Walls, University College London, UK Barry Hart, Eastern Mennonite University, USA Kevin Kester, Keimyung University, South Korea Jonathan Rudy, Elizabethtown College, USA Alexandra Lewis, University College London, UK ISSN: 2707–4897 Copyright © 2019 Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies +252 (0) 63 442 7156 +252 (0) 63 442 6417 [email protected] www.instituteforpeace.org Somaliland Peace and Development Journal, Volume 3 © 2019 Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies. All rights reserved. ISSN: 2707–4897. SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 4 NOTE ON CONTRIBUTORS Mohamed Farah Hersi has more than a decade of experience in research, technical advisory service, policy development, and political economy analysis. Mohamed Farah was educated in Somaliland and South Africa where he earned his LLB and LLM respectively. Currently serving as the Director of the Academy for Peace and Development, Mohamed Farah has published both academic articles and policy-oriented reports. Zuhur Yasin Ibrahim is a social activist, program development specialist, and graduate of the University of Hargeisa and Admas University, Somaliland. She has wored with different international non-governmental organizations in various positions and capacities. Currently, she is woring as the International Partnership Development lead in SOS Somaliland and living in Hargeisa. Amran Mohamoud Hassan is a researcher and security analyst based in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Ms. Hassan has an MA in peace and conflict studies from the Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Hargeisa, Somaliland. Maria Abdilahi Gaheir is a co-founder and board member of the Center for Policy Analysis, a non-governmental, non-profit think-tan organization based in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Maria has been engaging in the area of activism and civil society for a long time. She has LLB, a postgraduate diploma in peace and conflict studies, and a master’s degree in international relations and diplomacy. SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 4 5 | SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL NOTE ON CONTRIBUTORS SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL Volume 3 October 2019 Mohamed Farah Hersi has more than a decade of experience in research, technical advisory service, policy development, and political economy analysis. Mohamed Farah was educated in Somaliland and South Africa where he earned his LLB and LLM CONTENTS respectively. Currently serving as the Director of the Academy for Peace and Development, Mohamed Farah has published both academic articles and policy-oriented Guest Editor’s Note reports. About this Issue Zuhur Yasin Ibrahim is a social activist, program development specialist, and graduate of the University of Hargeisa and Admas University, Somaliland. She has wored with different international non-governmental organizations in various positions and ARTICLES capacities. Currently, she is woring as the International Partnership Development lead in SOS Somaliland and living in Hargeisa. Post-Conflict State Reconstruction in Somaliland: An African Perspective of Statebuilding Processes Amran Mohamoud Hassan is a researcher and security analyst based in Hargeisa, Mohamed Farah Hersi Somaliland. Ms. Hassan has an MA in peace and conflict studies from the Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Hargeisa, Somaliland. Interrelations Between Education and Peace in Somaliland: Perceptions from University Students Maria Abdilahi Gaheir is a co-founder and board member of the Center for Policy Zuhur Yasin Ibrahim Analysis, a non-governmental, non-profit think-tan organization based in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Maria has been engaging in the area of activism and civil society for a long Emerging Foreign Bases in the Horn of Africa: A Sign of Hope or a Dilemma in time. She has LLB, a postgraduate diploma in peace and conflict studies, and a master’s Regional Security degree in international relations and diplomacy. Amran Mohamoud Hassan Effects of Droughts on Pastoralist and Agro-Pastoralist Women in Somaliland Maria Abdilahi Gaheir Somaliland Peace and Development Journal, Volume 3 © 2019 Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies. All rights reserved. ISSN: 2707–4897. 6 | SOMALILAND PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL GUEST EDITOR’S NOTE The series of papers in this volume will introduce readers to a complex set of issues related to development today in Somaliland and the Horn of Africa. The papers in the collection focus on statebuilding, education, security, and gender. These are amongst the most fundamental issues for a society seeing to cultivate peaceful cultures in the early 21st century. Jacie Kir understood this nearly fifteen years ago when she wrote about education, gender, and fragile states from Afghanistan. She argued in a 2008 paper in Globalization, Societies, and Education that “education is in many states intricately connected with — if not a root cause of — conflict and instability. Education should, therefore, be part of the analysis of fragility, and in the identification of priority stabilizing interventions.” This volume contributes to that analysis. Today, a review of the literature indicates there are nearly 57 million children out of school and over half of these children are in conflict zones. It is expected that by 2030 two-thirds of these children, and 80 of the world’s poor, will be living in conflict-affected and fragile contexts. In response, the World Ban in their 2011 World Development Report declared that conflict and insecurity “is the primary development challenge of our time.” Hence, if the international community wants to ensure universal access to uality education, and safe places for learning — at all levels of education, and in all countries — then addressing conflict, peace and state stability everywhere is an imperative. Somaliland is at the core of this imperative. What is more, in Somaliland the rising interculturalization of schools