FROM APARTHEID TO DEMOCRACY TOTAL STRATEGY • Strengthening the army ‘TOTAL STRATEGY’ – REFORM • Labour – Workers Unite! • Making homelands ‘independent’ • A permanent urban African population • Creating a new African middle class • The Tricameral Parliament • The formation of the United Democratic Front – Political posters TOTAL STRATEGY – REPRESSION • Voices of detainees RESISTANCE INTENSIFIES • The role of the Churches • White resistance and the End Conscription Campaign • International pressure THE MOVE TO DEMOCRACY • Negotiations begin • The first democratic elections GRADE 9 $POUFOU3FQSFTTJPOBOEUIF HSPXUIPGNBTTEFNPDSBUJD TOTAL STRATEGY NPWFNFOUTJOUIFTBOE TFYUFSOBMBOEJOUFSOBM QSFTTVSF 5IF4PXFUP6QSJTJOHPGDIBOHFEUIFQPMJUJDBMMBOETDBQFPG4PVUI"GSJDBGPSFWFS 3FTJTUBODFJOUFOTJGJFE JOUFSOBUJPOBMQSFTTVSFBHBJOTUUIFHPWFSONFOUJODSFBTFEBOE GRADE 12 $POUFOU)PXEJE4PVUI"GSJDB UIFFDPOPNZXFOUJOUPTFSJPVTEFDMJOF5IF4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOUCFHBOUPGFFM FNFSHFBTBEFNPDSBDZGSPNUIF JODSFBTJOHMZUISFBUFOFE DSJTFTPGUIFT 5IFDSJTJTBOEDPMMBQTF PGBQBSUIFJE *µNHJWJOHZPVB¾OBMXBSOJOH POFNBO POFWPUFJOUIJT DPVOUSZJTPVU°UIBUJTOFWFS 2VPUFEJO4PVUI"GSJDBTJODFCZ $$VMQJO Q New words DPNNVOJTUGPSDFT°UIF *O 18#PUIBTVDDFFEFE# +7PSTUFS 4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOU BTQSJNFNJOJTUFS DPOTJEFSFEBOZPOFXIP PQQPTFEBQBSUIFJEB 18#PUIBXBTEFUFSNJOFEUPLFFQ4PVUI"GSJDBVOEFSXIJUFDPOUSPM)JTHPWFSONFOU ´DPNNVOJTUµ*OUIF CFMJFWFEUIBUXIJUF4PVUI"GSJDBXBTVOEFSUISFBUGSPNDPNNVOJTUGPSDFTCPUIXJUIJO DPOUFYUPGUIF$PME8BS BOEPVUTJEF4PVUI"GSJDB)FDBMMFEUIJTUISFBUUIF´UPUBMPOTMBVHIUµ#PUIBµTSFTQPOTFUP UBMLBCPVUB´DPNNVOJTU UISFBUµFODPVSBHFEGFBSBOE ´UPUBMPOTMBVHIUµXBT´UPUBMTUSBUFHZµ SBMMJFEXIJUFTVQQPSUGPSUIF HPWFSONFOU ´5PUBMTUSBUFHZµBJNFEUPGJHIUUIF´UPUBMPOTMBVHIUµJOUXPXBZT POTMBVHIU°BUUBDL 5IFHPWFSONFOUHSBEVBMMZJOUSPEVDFEBOVNCFSPGSFGPSNTJOUIFIPQFPGXJOOJOH SFGPSN°HSBEVBMDIBOHFTUP TVQQPSUJOUIFCMBDLDPNNVOJUZ JNQSPWFUIFQPMJUJDBMTJUVBUJPO "UUIFTBNFUJNF JUJOUFOTJGJFEJUTSFQSFTTJPOJOPSEFSUPTUBNQPVUBMMPQQPTJUJPO Strengthening the army "OJNQPSUBOUBTQFDUPG18#PUIBµT ´UPUBMTUSBUFHZµQPMJDZXBTUP TUSFOHUIFOUIFQPTJUJPOPGUIF NJMJUBSZ#FGPSF#PUIBCFDBNF QSJNFNJOJTUFS IFIBECFFO .JOJTUFSPG%FGFODF"TQSJNF NJOJTUFS IFJODSFBTFEUIFQPXFS PGUIFBSNZDPOTJEFSBCMZ5XP ZFBSTPGNJMJUBSZTFSWJDFGPSBMM XIJUFNFOCFDBNFDPNQVMTPSZ BOEUIFDPOTUBOUQSFTFODFPG UIFBSNZJOUIFUPXOTIJQTXBTB SFHVMBSGFBUVSFPGUIFT 5IJT$BTTQJS XIJDIEPNJOBUFTUIF TFYIJCJUJPOJOUIF"QBSUIFJE .VTFVN JTBTJOJTUFSTZNCPMPG UIFBSNZµTUISFBUFOJOHSPMFBOE XJEFTQSFBEQSFTFODFJOUIFT ] $IBQUFS'SPNBQBSUIFJEUPEFNPDSBDZ Activity 1: Analysing military statistics (3"%&-0 "4 5IFHSPXUIPGNJMJUBSZFYQFOEJUVSFBOEQFSTPOOFM (3"%&-0 "4 5PUBMNJMJUBSZQFSTPOOFM .JMJUBSZTQFOEJOHJONJMMJPOT 'SPN*%"' "QBSUIFJE5IF'BDUT Q #ZIPXNVDIEJEUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOUJODSFBTFJUTNJMJUBSZTQFOEJOH CFUXFFOBOE *OUIFQFSJPEUP IPXNBOZNPSFQFPQMFXFSFESBXOJOUPUIFBSNFE GPSDFT 6TJOHUIFUBCMFBOEZPVSPXOLOPXMFEHF FYQMBJOXIBUFWFOUTJO4PVUI"GSJDBO IJTUPSZNBZIBWFQFSTVBEFEUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOUUPJODSFBTFUIFTJ[F PGJUTBSNZBOEUIFBNPVOUJUTQFOUPOUIFNJMJUBSZJOBOE )PXEPZPVFYQMBJOUIFTIBSQJODSFBTFJOUIFNJMJUBSZCVEHFUBTXFMMBTUIF OVNCFSTPGNJMJUBSZQFSTPOOFMGSPNUP 8IZEJEUIFBQBSUIFJEHPWFSONFOUDIPPTFUPVTFUIFBSNZUPJNQMFNFOUJUT ´UPUBMTUSBUFHZµ GRADE 9 $POUFOU3FQSFTTJPOBOEUIF ‘TOTAL STRATEGY’ – REFORM HSPXUIPGNBTTEFNPDSBUJD NPWFNFOUTJOUIFTBOE TFYUFSOBMBOEJOUFSOBM "TQBSUPG#PUIBµTQPMJDZPGSFGPSN IFNBEFDPODFTTJPOTJOBOVNCFSPGEJGGFSFOUBSFBT QSFTTVSF )FIPQFEUIBUCZEPJOHUIJT NBOZCMBDLTXPVMECFCPVHIUPGGBOEXPVMECFTBUJTGJFE GRADE 12 XJUIUIFTFTPDBMMFESFGPSNT*OUIJTXBZ SFTJTUBODFXPVMEEJFEPXOBOEXIJUFTXPVMECF $POUFOU)PXEJE4PVUI"GSJDB BCMFUPIPMEPOUPQPXFS FNFSHFBTBEFNPDSBDZGSPNUIF *OUIJTTFDUJPO XFMPPLBUTPNFPGUIFEJGGFSFOUSFGPSNT#PUIBµTHPWFSONFOU DSJTFTPGUIFT 5IFDSJTJTBOEDPMMBQTFPG JOUSPEVDFE5IFTFJODMVEFEUIFSFDPHOJUJPOPG"GSJDBOUSBEFVOJPOT UIFHSBOUJOHPG BQBSUIFJE JOEFQFOEFODFUPTPNFIPNFMBOET UIFSFDPHOJUJPOPGBQFSNBOFOUVSCBO"GSJDBO QPQVMBUJPO UIFBUUFNQUUPDSFBUFBO"GSJDBONJEEMFDMBTTBOEUIFDSFBUJPOPGUIF New words 5SJDBNFSBM1BSMJBNFOU DPODFTTJPOT°HJWJOHTPNF Labour – Workers Unite! SJHIUTBTBSFTVMUPGQSFTTVSF CPVHIUPGG°XPOPWFSCZ 6OEFSUIFVNCSFMMBPGSFGPSN UIFHPWFSONFOUSFDPHOJ[FE"GSJDBOUSBEFVOJPOTJO HJWJOHUIFNBTUBLFJOUIF 6OUJMUIFO "GSJDBOUSBEFVOJPOTIBECFFOMFHBMCVUXFSFOPUBMMPXFEUPOFHPUJBUFXJUI TZTUFN FNQMPZFSTPWFSXBHFTBOEXPSLJOHDPOEJUJPOT 5SJDBNFSBM1BSMJBNFOU 8IZEJEUIFHPWFSONFOUSFDPHOJ[F"GSJDBOUSBEFVOJPOTBUUIJTUJNF 0OUIFPOF °´USJµNFBOTUISFFBOE ´DBNFSBMµNFBOTDIBNCFS IBOE JUXBTQBSUPG18#PUIBµ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°XJMMJOHOFTTUP GPSNBUJPOPGUIF'FEFSBUJPOPG4PVUI"GSJDBO5SBEF6OJPOT '04"56 BOEPUIFSVNCSFMMB UBLFBHHSFTTJWFBOEEJSFDU CPEJFT'04"56TVQQPSUFEUIFQSJODJQMFPGOPOSBDJBMJTNBOECFMJFWFEUIBUBMMXPSLFST BDUJPO TIPVMEVOJUFBOEGJHIUGPSCFUUFSDPOEJUJPOT ´5PUBMTUBUFHZµSFGPSN] 5IFQVTIGPSVOJUZDPOUJOVFEBOEJO '04"56NFSHFEXJUIPUIFSVOJPOTUPGPSN BOFXGFEFSBUJPO°UIF$POHSFTTPG4PVUI"GSJDBO5SBEF6OJPOT $04"56 $04"56 XJUI OFBSMZIBMGBNJMMJPONFNCFST XBTUIFMBSHFTUUSBEFVOJPOPSHBOJ[BUJPOFWFSGPSNFEJO 4PVUI"GSJDB 6OEFS$04"56µTCBOOFS XPSLFSTPSHBOJ[FEDPVOUMFTTTUSJLFTBOEQSPUFTUTJOUIF GBDUPSJFTBOEPOUIFNJOFTUPJNQSPWFXBHFTBOEXPSLJOHDPOEJUJPOT)PXFWFS BT SFQSFTTJPOJOUFOTJGJFE $04"56XBTESBXONPSFBOENPSFJOUPUIFTUSVHHMFGPSCSPBE QPMJUJDBMDIBOHFBOECFDBNFPOFPGUIFNPTUJNQPSUBOUBOUJBQBSUIFJEGPSDFT .BZ%BZ°.BZ°JTUSBEJUJPOBMMZDFMFCSBUFEBT8PSLFSTµ%BZUISPVHIPVUUIFXPSME $04"56PGUFOVTFE.BZ%BZBTBDBMMUPBDUJPOGPSXPSLFST"GUFSUIFFMFDUJPOT .BZXBTSFDPHOJ[FEBT8PSLFSµT%BZJOUIFOFX4PVUI"GSJDB5PEBZXFDFMFCSBUFJUBT BQVCMJDIPMJEBZBOESFNFNCFSUIFTUSVHHMFTPGXPSLJOHDMBTTQFPQMFGPSUIFJSSJHIUT 1PTUFSQSPEVDFEJOUIF8FTUFSO$BQFUPDFMFCSBUFUIFMBVODIPG$04"56*UJTJOTQJSFECZ4PWJFUQPTUFSTPG XPSLFSTJOUIF6443 Activity 2: Analysing a political poster (3"%&-0 "4BOE (3"%&-0 "4BOE -PPLBUUIFGPMMPXJOHTZNCPMTJOUIFQPTUFS BOEFYQMBJOXIBUUIFZNFBO °UIFSFE¿BH °UIFCSJHIUZFMMPXTVO °UIFIBNNFS °UIFSBJTFE¾TUT 8IBUEPFTUIFTMPHBO²0OF$PVOUSZ0OF'FEFSBUJPO³NFBO 6TJOHUIFQPTUFSBOEZPVSPXOLOPXMFEHF FYQMBJOXIZ"GSJDBOUSBEFVOJPOT XBOUFEUPDSFBUFPOFGFEFSBUJPO 8IZEPZPVUIJOLUIJTQPTUFSXBTQSPEVDFE %PZPVUIJOLUIJTJTBOFGGFDUJWFQPTUFS &YQMBJOZPVSBOTXFS ] $IBQUFS'SPNBQBSUIFJEUPEFNPDSBDZ Making homelands ‘independent’ 5IFHPWFSONFOUEFDJEFEUPHSBOUMJNJUFEJOEFQFOEFODFUPGPVSIPNFMBOET5IJTXPVME FOUJUMFUIFNUPUIFJSPXOQSFTJEFOUBOEHJWFUIFNTPNFBENJOJTUSBUJWFQPXFST)PXFWFS UIFIPNFMBOETSFNBJOFEGJOBODJBMMZEFQFOEFOUPO4PVUI"GSJDBBOEEJEOPUIBWFUIFSJHIU UPNBLFUIFJSPXOQPMJDJFT *OUIJTXBZ 18#PUIBBOEIJTDBCJOFUIPQFEUPDSFBUFBHSPVQPG"GSJDBOMFBEFST JOUIFIPNFMBOETXIPEFQFOEFEPOUIF4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOUµTTVQQPSU*O UIF5SBOTLFJCFDBNFUIFGJSTUIPNFMBOEUPHBJOJUT´JOEFQFOEFODFµ GPMMPXFECZ #PQIVUIBUTXBOBBOE7FOEBJOBOEUIF$JTLFJJO $IJFG.BOHPTVUIV#VUIFMF[JSFGVTFEUPBDDFQU´JOEFQFOEFODFµGPS,XB;VMVBOE NBTTJWFSFTJTUBODFCZUIFQFPQMFJOUIFSFNBJOJOH#BOUVTUBOTFWFOUVBMMZMFEUIF HPWFSONFOUUPTDSBQJUTQMBOTUPFYUFOE´JOEFQFOEFODFµUPUIFN .PTUQFPQMFDPOTJEFSFE ,BJTFS.BUBO[JNB UIFMFBEFSPG UIF5SBOTLFJ BOEPUIFSIPNFMBOE SVMFSTBTQVQQFUTPGUIFXIJUF 4PVUI"GSJDBOHPWFSONFOU )FXBTOFWFSUIFMFTTHJWFOBO PG¾DJBMGVOFSBMJOQPTUBQBSUIFJE 4PVUI"GSJDB A permanent urban African population "GSJDBOQFPQMFMJWJOHJOUIFVSCBOBSFBTSFNBJOFEBIVHFQSPCMFNGPSUIFHPWFSONFOU CVU JUXBTFWFOUVBMMZGPSDFEUPSFDPHOJ[FUIBUUIFSFXBTBQFSNBOFOUVSCBO"GSJDBOQPQVMBUJPO PVUTJEFPGUIF#BOUVTUBOT'SPNUIFMBUFT QMBOTXFSFMBVODIFEUPEFWFMPQ"GSJDBO UPXOTIJQT JOUIFIPQFUIBUFMFDUSJDJUZ JNQSPWFETFSWJDFTBOEOFXIPVTJOHXPVMESFEVDF NJMJUBODZBNPOHSFTJEFOUT 'SPNUIFMBUFT QFPQMF JO4PXFUPXFSFBMMPXFEUPCVZ OFXIPVTFTSBUIFSUIBOSFOU UIFN BOEOFXTVCVSCTGPSUIF CFUUFSPGGXFSFDPOTUSVDUFEJO %JFQLMPPG&YUFOTJPO 0SMBOEP 8FTUBOE4FMFDUJPO1BSL ´5PUBMTUBUFHZµSFGPSN] Creating a new African middle class New words "UUIFTBNFUJNFUIFTUBUFUSJFEUPDSFBUFBO"GSJDBONJEEMFDMBTTXIJDIXPVMEIBWFBO DPOTUJUVUJPO°SVMFTBOE QSJODJQMFTBDDPSEJOHUP FDPOPNJDTUBLFJOUIFTZTUFNBOETPCFMPZBMUPUIFHPWFSONFOU.BOZNFBTVSFTXFSF XIJDIBDPVOUSZJTHPWFSOFE JOUSPEVDFE CPUIFDPOPNJDBOEDVMUVSBM UPFODPVSBHFCFUUFSPGGVSCBO"GSJDBOTUPBEPQU BNJEEMFDMBTTMJGFTUZMF4FQBSBUFBNFOJUJFTMFHJTMBUJPOXBTSFMBYFEUPBMMPXNJEEMFDMBTT QBSMJBNFOU °UIFNPTU CMBDLTBDDFTTUPIPUFMT DJOFNBTBOESFTUBVSBOUTJOXIJUFBSFBT JNQPSUBOUMBXNBLJOHCPEZ JOBEFNPDSBUJDDPVOUSZ 5IFGJMNBCPVUUIFTJOUIF"QBSUIFJE.VTFVNCFHJOTCZTIPXJOHUIF DBCJOFU°BHSPVQPG HPWFSONFOUµTESJWFUPDSFBUFCFUUFSIPVTJOHGPSTPNFSFTJEFOUTJO4PXFUP NJOJTUFSTDIPTFOCZUIF IFBEPGUIFHPWFSONFOUUP The Tricameral Parliament CFSFTQPOTJCMFGPSQPMJDZ BOEBENJOJTUSBUJPO *O 18#PUIBJOUSPEVDFEBOFXDPOTUJUVUJPOGPS4PVUI"GSJDB XIJDIHBWF TIBN°QSFUFODF MJNJUFEQBSMJBNFOUBSZSFQSFTFOUBUJPOUPDPMPVSFETBOE*OEJBOT5IFSFXBTUPCFBOFX QBSMJBNFOU UIF5SJDBNFSBM1BSMJBNFOU5IFOFXDPOTUJUVUJPOBMMPXFEDPMPVSFETBOE *OEJBOTUPWPUFGPSUIFJSPXOSFQSFTFOUBUJWFTXIPXPVMETJUJOUIFJSPXODIBNCFST PGQBSMJBNFOU"GSJDBOTXFSFTUJMMEFOJFEUIFSJHIUUPWPUF5IFJSJOUFSFTUTXPVMECF SFQSFTFOUFECZCMBDL MPDBMPSDPNNVOJUZDPVODJMT 5IFXIJUF DPMPVSFEBOE*OEJBODIBNCFSTFBDIIBOEMFEMBXTUIBUSFMBUFEUPUIFJS´PXO BGGBJSTµ5IJTNFBOUUIBUJTTVFTSFMBUJOHUPFEVDBUJPO IFBMUIBOEDPNNVOJUZBGGBJSTXFSF EFBMUXJUITFQBSBUFMZCZFBDIDIBNCFS'PSFYBNQMF UIF)PVTFPG3FQSFTFOUBUJWFT°UIF DPMPVSFEDIBNCFSPGQBSMJBNFOU°XPVMENBLFEFDJTJPOTBCPVUDPMPVSFEFEVDBUJPO "MMNBUUFSTUIBUSFMBUFEUPUIFXJEFSJTTVFTPGHPWFSOJOHUIFDPVOUSZ