HAND BOOK OF AGRO CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (INSECTICIDES & PESTICIDES) AGROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES • Introduction • Inorganic Insecticides • Lead Arsenate • Calcium Arsenate • Organic Insecticides • Dinitrophenol • Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) • Methoxychlor (Methoxy DDT: DMDT) • BHC or Benzene hexachloride • Gammexane • Chlordane • Heptachlor • Aldrin • Endrin • Toxaphene • Malathion • Parathion • Fumigants • Ethylene Dibromide • Ethylene Dichloride • Para dichlorobenzene • Miticides • Rodenticides • Zinc Phosphide (Phosvin) • Fungicides • Eptam • Ferbam • 2,4,6-trichlorophenol • Para-chlorophenol • Glyodin • Herbicides • 2-4 dichlorophenol • Sodium Trichloroacetate • Chloro-IPC • Sesone • MCPA • Synthetic Insecticides INTRODUCTION OF PESTICIDE • Introduction • Ideal pesticide • Steps involved in cmmercial development of pesticide starting from laboratory synthesis • Reasons for use of pesticides • Production of pesticides in organised sector in India • Level of pesticides consumption in various countries • Present consumption and future demand • Cropwise consumption of pesticides • Statewise consumption of pesticides in agriculture • Pesticides registered, not approved for use, banned, restricted for use and under review • List of quality control laboratories in India INSECTICIDES • Classification of Insecticides • Based on chemical nature • Based on mode of entry • Based on mode of action • Organochlorine insecticides • Reaction with caustic soda • Structure activity relationships • Methoxychlor • DDD • Perthane • DFDT • Chlorobenzilate • Dilan • HCH • Action with caustic soda • Metabolism of HCH • Use of DDT and HCH in India • The cyclodiene group insecticides • Heptachlor • Chlordane • Aldrin and dieldrin • Endrin • Endosulfan • Structure activity relationship • Use of cyclodiene pesticides in India • Chlorinated terpenes • Mode of action of chlorinated hydrocarbons • Mode of action of DDT and its derivatives • Mode of action of Lindane and HCH • Mode of action of cyclodiene • Mode of action of haloderivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons • Carbamates • Classification of carbamates • Phenyl carbamates • Carbaryl • Bendiocarb • Baygon • Carbofuran • N.N-Dimethylcarbamates • Zectran • Dimetan • Mesurol • Isolan • Oxime carbamates • Tamik • Oxamil • Methyomyl • Tirpate • Mode of action • Structure activity relationship of carbamates • Organophosphorus Insecticides • Disadvantages • Michaelis-arbuzoy reaction • Mechanism of the reaction • Derivatives of phosphoric acid • Dichlorovos • Mevinphos • Phosphamidor • Bidrin • Birlana • Gardona • Azodrin • Ruelene • Derivatives of thiophosphoric acid • Parathion • Methyl parathion • methylethyl parathion • Fenitrothion • Chlorothion • Ronnel • Bromophos • Fenthion • Dasanit • Diazinon • Dursban • Quinalphos • Pirimiphos methyl • Phoxim • Demeton • Triazophos • Methyldemeton • Derivatives of Dithlosphosphoric acid • Malathion • Dimethoate • Thimet • Disyston • Phosalone • Formothion • Ethion • Menazon • Ekatin • Guthion • Cidial • Phosphonic acid derivatives • EPN • Fonophos • Diptrex • Esteramides of Phosphoric acid and phosphorothioic acid • Phospholan • Methamidophos • Acephate • Cyclic phosphates and phosphorothioates • Salithion • Derivatives of pyrophosphoric acid • Tetraethylpyrophosphate • Schradan • Mode of action of organophosphates and carbamates • Structure activity relationship • Phosphates • Thiophosphates • Dithiophosphates • Pyrophosphoric acids • Phosphoric acids • Cyclicesters • Asymmetry • Botanical pesticides • Nicotine • Structure activity relationship • Rotenone • Mode of action • Rotenone • Pyrethrins • Structure activity relationship • synthetic pyrethroids • Disadvantages • Allethrin • Resmethrin and bioresmethrin • Fenvalerate • Permethrin • Cypermethrin • Alphamethrin • Deltamethrin • Cyhalothrin • Cypothrin • Flucythrinate • Fluvalinate • Cyfluthrin • Tralomethrin • Fenpropathrin • Sumethrin • Structure activity relationship • Mode of action of synthetic pyrethroids FUNGICIDES • Fungi • Bacteria • Viruses • Parastic seed plants • Chemical classification • Inorganics • Organics • Requiremens of an ideal fungicide • Sulphur compounds • Mode of action of sulphur • Mercury fungicides • Copper fungicides • Organotin compounds • Brestan • Duter • Mode of action • Organomercurials • Mode of action • Organophosphorous compounds phosphates • Wepsyn • Kitazin P • Conen • Dowco • Edifenphos • Phosphonates • Inejin F 254 • Cerezin • Aliette • Mode of action of organophosphate fungicides • Benzene derivatives • Quintozene • Chlorothalonil • Chloroneb • Dithiocarbamates • Monoalkyldithiocarbamates • Metham • Dazomet • Neviram • N.N.Ethylene-bisdithiocarbamates • Nabam • Mode of action • Mancozeb • Mode of action • Dialkyldithocarbamates • Compounds containing polyhalogen alkonoic sulfenyl group • Captan • Folpet • Captafol • Mesulfan • Dichlofluanid • Oxathins • Vitavax • Plantvax • Mode of actionQuinones • Chloranil • Dichlone • Dithianon • Mode of action • Carboxamides • Fongarid • Dinitroalkylphenols • DinocapBinapacryl • Dinobuton • Azole compounds • Imidazole and its derivatives • Glyodin • Imazalil • Benzimidazole derivatives • Carbendazim • Benomyl • Thiabendazole • Fuberidazole • Thiophanate methyl • Triazoles • Fluotrimazole • Triadimefon • Heterocyclic fungicides pyridine derivatives • Pyridinitrile • Nitrapyrin • Dowco 263 • Piperalin • Parinol • Piperazine Derivative • Triforine • Pyrimidines • Dimethirimol • Ethirimol • Bupirimate • Fenarimol • Nuarimol • Quinoline derivatives • 8-hydroxyquinoline • Quinacetol sulphate • Morpholine type fungicides • Morpholine • Antibiotics • Miscellaneous fungicides • Dodine NEMATICIDES • Importance • Parasitism • Ectoparasitism and endoparasitism • Methods of Nematode control • Advantages of chemical control • Essentials of a good nematicide • Nematicides are classified into five groups • Halogenated Hydrocarbons • Methyl bromide • Ethylene dibromide • 1,3 Dichloropropane • 1,2-dichloropropane • DD • Nemagon • Isothiocyanates • Metham sodium • Dazomet • Organophosphates • Carbamates • Botanical Nematicides • • RODENTICIDES • • Inorganic compounds • Botanicals • Coumarins • Warfarin • Coumatetralyl • Coumachlor • Coumafuryl • Indanediones • Pindone • Diphacinone • Chlorophacinone • Organophosphorous • Gophacide • Chlorinated rodenticides • Crimidine • Miscellaneous rodenticides • Vacor • Brodifacoum • Bromadiolone • Norbromide • Problems in rodent control • • MOLLUSCICIDES • • Metaldehyde • Trifenmorph • Bayluscid • Triphenyltinacetate • Copper sulphate • • FUMIGANTS • • Factors influencing fumigation • Ethylene Dibromide • Methyl bromide • Methallyl chloride • Chloropicrin • Aluminium phosphide • Ethylene oxide • Formaldehyde ACARICIDES • Chlorinated compounds • Dicofol • Dienochlor • Chlorfenethol • Derivatives containing AC=N OR N=N double bond • Chlorphenamidine • Formetanate • Compounds containing sulphur • Chlorfensulfide • Tetrasul • Tetradifon • Aramite • Organophosphorous compounds • Carbophenethion • Organometallic compounds • Fentin hydroxide • Ltrophenol derivatives • Dinobuton • Formamidines • Chloridimeform • Fometanate hydrochloride • Heterocylics HERBICIDES • How weeds cause damage or losses • How weeds are introduced and spread to new areas • Weedclassification • Methods of weed control • Prevention • Cultural and mechanical control • Biological control • Chemical weed control • Classification of herbicides • Classification based on method of application • Classification based on mode of action • Classification based on chemical affinity and structural similarity • The Organic Herbicides • Petroleum oils • Organic arsenicals • Phenoxyaliphatic acids • 2,4-D • MCPA2,4,5-T • MCPP • 2,4,5-TP • MCPB • 2,4-Des • Erbon • 2,4-DEP • Derivatives of benzoic acid • 2,3,6-TBA • Dicamba • Dinoben • Benzonitriles • Dichlobenil • Chlorthamid • Loxynil • Bromoxynil • Carbamate herbicides • Probham • Chloropropham • Proximpham • Asulam • Phenmedipham • Bi-PC • Barban • Thiocarbamates • Eptam • Benthiocarb • Diallate • Triallate • Dithlocarbamates • Metham-sodium • Sulfallate • Amides • Allidochlor • Propachlor • Alachlor • Butachlor • Diphenamid • Propanil • Bipyridylium herbicide • Paraquat • Diquat • Dinitrophenols • DNOC • Dinoseb • Tr(azines • Simazine • Atrazine • Prometryne • Organophosphorous compound • Phosphorothiolates • Bensulide • Phosphonates • Glyphosate • Substituted ureas • Monuron • Linuron • Diuron • Neburon • Trimeturon • Meturin • Dichloral urea • Cycluron • Noruron • Monolinuron • Isoprouturon • Dintroanilines • Nitralin • Dipropalin • Butralin • Chlorinidin • Isopropalin • Fluchloralin • Pendimethalin • Pyridines • Pyrichlor • Azoles • Amitrole • Methazole • Oxadiazon • Sulfonyl urea herbicides • Imdazolinones • Herbicides extenders • • PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS • • Auxins • Synthetic growth inhibitors • Maleic hydrazide • Chlormequat • Daminozide • Glyphosine • Gibberellings • Cytokinins • Inhibitors and retardants • Ethylene generators REPELLENTS, ATTRACTANTS, PHEROMONES, SYNERGISTS, SYNTHETIC INHIBITORS AND PROINSECTICIDES • Repellents • Dimethyl phthalate • N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) • Benzyl benzoate • Butoxypolyproplene glycol • Atractants and pheromones • Pheromones (Sex attractants) • Uses of pheromones • Synergists • Autosynergism • Synthetic Inhibitors • Proinsecticides • Procarbamates • N-acyl-n-methylcarbamates • N-sulphenyl-N methylcarbamates • Propyrethroids • Proinsecticidal organophosphates TOXICOLOGY AND SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES • Fundamentals of toxicology • Toxicity and hazards