Towards an Ecumenical Ecclesiology: The Roman Catholic Church in Dialogue by Nicholas Ayres Jesson A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts Department of Religion St. Paul’s College & The University of Manitoba August, 1995 © 1995 Nicholas Ayres Jesson Towards an ecumenical ecclesiology, page i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My parents, Marguerite and Denis Jesson, who raised me well (I think) and who instilled in me the personal values that have formed me. One can never predict the future of one’s children. I hope that my parents will be as proud of me as of their other four sons. My “god-mother,” Louise Cherwick Blais, who supported and encouraged me as I explored the spiritual values that have formed me as a Christian. Someday I hope that I can live up to the challenge. My advisor, Dr. Egil Grislis, for his support and advice through a far longer period than I had a right to ask of him. Dr. Grislis instilled in me the academic values that I hope will one day form me as a “theologian.” St. Paul’s College, the community of faculty, staff, and students, for the support and guidance they have given me both intentionally and otherwise. For developing an environment where students are more than numbers. For the witness that they have given of koinonia and diakonia. Most especially; Sr. Anne Lewans, O.S.U., the late Fr. John Holland, S.J., Fr. Harold Drake, S.J., and Fern Lewis. The Most Rev. Raymond Roussin, S.M., Bishop of Gravelbourg, who has been a friend and mentor since I first met him. He has taught me the basics of pastoral ministry. Fr. Harold Drake Library (St. Paul’s College), which supported me financially and academically, for their support and encouragement, and for their surprisingly extensive collection of ecumenical material. Especially Fr. Harold Drake, S.J., who has built the library with his whole heart and soul. The Jesuit Community at St. Paul’s College, for their support of me as an individual, and for financially contributing to my travel to Canberra for the 7th Assembly of the World Council of Churches. The Jesuit Centre at St. Paul’s College, for their support and the use of their facilities. The late Brenda Schroeder, who put up with numerous students using her desk at odd times. The Most Rev. Adam Exner, O.M.I., past Archbishop of Winnipeg, and present Archbishop of Vancouver, for the witness he has given me of diakonia. As well, for his personal support of my Towards an ecumenical ecclesiology, page ii travel to Canberra. Despite the lack of a diocesan budget for supporting such expenses, he felt it was important, and supported me from his own pocket. The Faculty of Graduate Studies, for their financial support of my travel to Canberra. Bonnie Stovel, Assistant to the Dean, who regularly moves mountains for students. Fr. Douglas Fenton, chaplain of St. John’s College, for his support and encouragement, and for his willingness to undertake ecumenical programs which we both knew were not going to draw extensive numbers. Fr. Doug was responsible for my being able to travel to Canberra, support which I will always be grateful for. The Board and staff of the Saskatoon Centre for Ecumenism, who have confidently placed their trust in me as their new Director. Fr. Bernard de Margerie, one of Saskatoon’s ecumenical pioneers and the founder of the Saskatoon Centre for Ecumenism, for the remarkable foundations that he has built in Saskatoon, and for the support and trust which he has placed in me. And all those who have in some other way touched me as a person, and as a student. My advisor Dr. Egil Grislis, and my examining committee; Dr. Richard Lebrun, Dr. Dawne McCance, and Dr. John G. Stackhouse Jr. The faculty who have instructed me and guided me, especially; Dr. Don McCarthy and Dr. Gordon Harland. My friends; Simone Couture, Lucia Stuhldreier, Fergus Lopez, Alexander J. Du, John Collins, Jim & Sharon Astwood, Gerry & Gail Aubin, Karen Zawortny, Liz Zubek, Ken Charleson, Eric Amaladas, Leanne Davis, and Fr. Armand LeGal, O.M.I. And those, too many to name, whom I remember in happy thoughts from time to time. Before beginning this thesis, I would like to include a personal note. I write this thesis as a Roman Catholic who is very happy and comfortable within my church. I also recognize, as all must, that there are those outside of the Roman Catholic Church who are faithful Christians. As such, I make my own the positive affirmations of the Second Vatican Council regarding ecumenism. However, I am also well aware that my church has faults. It has failed in the past — most grieviously — and continues to fail in many ways. In the list of failures of which I am aware, I would include the failure to develop an adequate theology of lay ministry, the failure to place an adequate emphasis on scripture in the religious education of children and adults, and the many problems associated with the Towards an ecumenical ecclesiology, page iii exercise of authority. All of these failures are related to the failure after 30 years to sufficiently integrate the ecclesiology of Vatican II, and continues to affect the ability of the Roman Catholic community to develop an openness to other Christians. In this thesis I have tried to avoid castigating my church for these failures, or defending it unreasonably. Towards an ecumenical ecclesiology, page iv TOWARDS AN ECUMENICAL ECCLESIOLOGY: THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN DIALOGUE TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS page i TABLE OF CONTENTS page iv ABBREVIATIONS page vi ABSTRACT page viii INTRODUCTION page 1 I. Preliminary matters II. Dialohue as ecumenical method III. Reception of the ecumenical dialogues IV. Models of unity CHAPTER 1: TOWARDS AN ECUMENICAL ECCLESIOLOGY page 16 I. The role of ecclesiology in the theological enterprise II. Ecclesiological themes in Scripture III. The meaning of ecumenicity IV. A definition of unity V. Unity and diversity in the New Testament VI. The ecclesial dimension of humanity VII. Koinonia: The ecclesiology of communion VIII. The limits of ecclesial diversity CHAPTER 2: ROOTS OF DISUNITY page 38 I. The Christological controversies II Eastern conciliar versus Western papal authority A. The Filioque Controversy B. Papal Primacy III. Evangelical versus structural ecclesiologies A. Justification versus Sanctification B. Spirit versus Structure C. The Church: Visible and Invisible D. A Paradigm Change in Ecclesiology Towards an ecumenical ecclesiology, page v CHAPTER 3: STRIVING FOR UNITY page 75 I. Spiritual ecumenism II. The World Council of Churches A. The Ecumenical Establishment B. Challenges and Criticisms of the WCC III. The Roman Catholic Awakening A. The Malines Conversations B. Mortalium Animos C. The Ice Begins To Melt IV. The Second Vatican Council A. “Hierarchy of Truths” B. “Subsists In” C. Nostra Aetate and Dignitatis Humanae D. Post-Vatican II Roman Catholic Ecumenism V. In conclusion… CHAPTER 4: FAITH IN CONVERGENCE page 117 I. Baptism II. Justification by faith III. Apostolic creeds and professions of faith A. The Filioque B. The Nature of Christ IV. Uniatism CHAPTER 5: THE EUCHARIST IN DIALOGUE page 137 I. The real presence: Ecumenical roadblock? II. The Eucharistic encounter with Christ III. The Eucharist makes the Church A. The Lima Liturgy B. Inter-Communion C. Inter-Church Families CHAPTER 6: MINISTRY IN ECUMENICAL PERSPECTIVE page 153 I. Ordained Ministry II. Petrine ministry and papal primacy III. Concluding issues A. Anglican Orders B. Clerical Celibacy C. Inclusive Ministries CONCLUSION page 180 Epiliogue BIBLIOGRAPHY page 191 Towards an ecumenical ecclesiology, page vi ABBREVIATIONS ACC Anglican Consultative Council ARCIC Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (I & II) B.E.M. Baptism, Eucharist & Ministry, F & O Paper # 111 CCC Catechism of the Catholic Church, English edition, (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1994). CCEO Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium, Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, Latin-English Edition, (Washington, DC.: Canon Law Society of America, 1992). CDF (Sacred) Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Vatican (also known as SCDF) (successor to the Holy Office) CIC Codex Iuris Canonici, Code of Canon Law: A Text and Commentary, James A. Coriden, et al, eds., (New York: Paulist Press, 1985). C.W.M.E. Council on World Missions and Evangelism, WCC DAPNE Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism, (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1993). Denzinger Heinrich Denzinger, Enchiridion Symbolorum, 30th ed., Karl Rahner, S.J., ed., (Freiburg: Herder, 1954). Available in English as The Sources of Catholic Dogma, Roy J. Defarrari, trans., (St. Louis, MO: B. Herder, 1957). Dignitatis Humanae Declaration on Religious Freedom (Dec. 7, 1965), Second Vatican Council ECT “Evangelicals and Catholics Together: The Christian Mission In the Third Millenium,” Ecumenical Trends 23 (1994), pp. 83-90. F & O Faith and Order Commission, WCC Final Report Final Report of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC I), 1982. Gaudium et Spes Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Dec. 7, 1965), Second Vatican Council I.M.C. International Missionary Council JPIC Justice, Peace and the Integrity of Creation, WCC JWG Roman Catholic Church-World Council of Churches Joint Working Group vi Towards an ecumenical ecclesiology, page vii Lumen Gentium Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Nov. 21, 1964), Second Vatican Council LWF Lutheran World Federation NCCB National Conference of Catholic Bishops, U.S.A. (associated with USCC) NCCC/USA National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. (also known as NCC or NCC/USA) Nostra Aetate Declaration on the Church’s Relation to Non-Christians (Dec.