NationalNational Aeronautics Aeronautics and Space and Administration Space Administration KPLO, ISECG, et al… Ben Bussey Chief Exploration Scientist Human Exploration & Operations Mission Directorate, NASA HQ 1 Strategic Knowledge Gaps • SKGs define information that is useful/mandatory for designing human spaceflight architecture • Perception is that SKGs HAVE to be closed before we can go to a destination, i.e. they represent Requirements • In reality, there is very little information that is a MUST HAVE before we go somewhere with humans. What SKGs do is buy down risk, allowing you to design simpler/cheaper systems. • There are three flavors of SKGs 1. Have to have – Requirements 2. Buys down risk – LM foot pads 3. Mission enhancing – Resources • Four sets of SKGs – Moon, Phobos & Deimos, Mars, NEOs www.nasa.gov/exploration/library/skg.html 2 EM-1 Secondary Payloads 13 CUBESATS SELECTED TO FLY ON INTERIM EM-1 CRYOGENIC PROPULSION • Lunar Flashlight STAGE • Near Earth Asteroid Scout • Bio Sentinel • LunaH-MAP • CuSPP • Lunar IceCube • LunIR • EQUULEUS (JAXA) • OMOTENASHI (JAXA) • ArgoMoon (ESA) • STMD Centennial Challenge Winners 3 3 3 Lunar Flashlight Overview Looking for surface ice deposits and identifying favorable locations for in-situ utilization in lunar south pole cold traps Measurement Approach: • Lasers in 4 different near-IR bands illuminate the lunar surface with a 3° beam (1 km spot). Orbit: • Light reflected off the lunar • Elliptical: 20-9,000 km surface enters the spectrometer to • Orbit Period: 12 hrs distinguish water ices from • Sci Pass: ~10min regolith. Phases Teaming: • Launch: SLS EM1 JPL-MSFC • LOI: Launch +6 months S/C (6U - 14 kg): JPL • Design Review: July, 2016 Mission Design & Nav: JPL • Phase E: >1 year Propulsion: Green Prop (MSFC) Payload: 1-2 micron Spectrometer I&T: JPL 4 4 Lunar IceCube Mission Description and Objectives Lunar IceCube is a 6U small satellite whose mission is to prospect for water in ice, liquid, and vapor forms and other lunar volatiles from a low-perigee, inclined lunar orbit using a compact IR spectrometer. 1.) Lunar IceCube will be deployed by the SLS on EM-1 and 2.) use an innovative RF Ion engine combined with a low energy trajectory to achieve lunar capture and a science orbit of 100 km perilune. Strategic Knowledge Gaps 1-D Polar Resources 7: Temporal Variability and Movement Dynamics of Surface- Correlated OH and H2O deposits toward PSR retention 1-D Polar Resources 6: Composition, Form and Distribution of Polar Volatiles 1-C Regolith 2: Quality/quantity/distribution/form of H species and other volatiles in mare and highlands regolith (depending on the final inclination of the Lunar IceCube orbit) Technology Demonstrations Current Status • Busek BIT 3 - High isp RF Ion Engine Team is preparing for CDR. All critical / long- • NASA GSFC BIRCHES - Miniaturized IR Spectrometer - characterize water lead Flight hardware has been ordered. and other volatiles with high spectral resolution (5 nm) and wavelength FlatSat with non rad-hard subsystems and range (1 to 4 μm) emulators is in development • Space Micro C&DH - Inexpensive Radiation-tolerant Subsystem • JPL Iris v. 2.1 - Ranging Transceiver Trajectory, navigation, and thermal models • BCT- XACT - ADCS w/ Star Tracker and Reaction Wheels along with communications links, mass, Critical• Custom MilestonesPumpkin - High Power (120W) CubeSat Solar Array volume and power budgets evolving 5 5 Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) • KPLO is KARI’s (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) first lunar mission • KARI has offered NASA a payload opportunity on KPLO, and participation in joint Science teams – NASA planning a PS program – Call for PS expected in FY18 ROSES • HEOMD is flying ShadowCam to acquire data that help address SKGs • Complements KARI instruments – LUTI, PolCam, KGRS, KMAG 6 Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) • From a 100 km altitude, ShadowCam will provide a pixel scale of 1.7 m over a ~5 km wide swath • ShadowCam is derived from the LROC NAC – 500 times for sensitive – TDI • Science significance: NASA SKGs addressed: – Spatial and temporal distribution of volatiles – Monitor movement of volatiles within PSRs – Reveal the geomorphology, accessibility, and geotechnical characteristics of cold traps 7 LROC Imaging Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSR) Nominal NAC mosaic of Main L PSR NAC image of Main L interior Reflection Sunlight nearly a point source Diffuse reflected light illuminates PSR Main L (D: 14 km, 81.4°N, 22.8°E), Red = LOLA derived PSR boundaries8 8 Overview • In 2014, NASA competitively selected U.S. private-sector partners, based on likelihood of successfully fielding a commercially-viable lunar surface cargo transportation capability • Evaluation criteria included: • Technical approach and development schedules • Technical risks and mitigation plans • Business plans and market strategies Leveraging NASA expertise • Equity and debt financing (Above: NASA Mighty Eagle & • Transportation service customer agreements Morpheus vehicles) • Lunar CATALYST Space Act Agreement (SAA) Partnerships • Term: 3 years (2014-2017) with option to extend • No-funds-exchanged • Substantial in-kind contributions from NASA (~$10M/year) • Technical Expertise • Test Facilities • Equipment loans Close Technical Collaboration • Software Through Lunar CATALYST, • Technical and financial milestones NASA is helping partners • Partners: lower risks, conduct tests, • Astrobotic Technology and accelerate vehicle • Masten Space Systems development to launch • Moon Express Technology and System Development and Testing • http://www.nasa.gov/lunarcatalyst 9 9 Lunar Surface Payload & Transportation RFIs • Small Lunar Surface Payload RFI (Nov 2016) • NASA RFI to assess availability of payloads that could be delivered to the Moon as early as the 2017-2020 timeframe using emerging U.S. commercial lunar cargo transportation service providers • Payloads should address NASA exploration or science strategic objectives and knowledge gaps • Indicated intent for significant cost-sharing between NASA and payload providers • Potential Cost-Sharing with Lunar Transportation Service Providers • NASA’s issuance of the RFI stimulated public announcements on payload cost-sharing by two emerging U.S. providers of lunar transportation services: Moon Express (cost-sharing up to $1.5M): “Will provide up to $500,000 in funding for each instrument selected by NASA to fly aboard the company’s first three commercial lunar missions of opportunity, beginning in 2017” Astrobotic Technology (cost-sharing up to $12M): “For every payload selected by NASA to fly on Astrobotic’s first mission, Astrobotic will provide an additional flight to payload providers on the company’s second mission at no charge.” • Lunar Surface Cargo Transportation Services RFI (May 2017) • NASA RFI to asses US commercial capabilities for delivering payloads to the lunar surface • NASA may procure payloads and related commercial payload delivery services to the Moon • Input informs potential plans to procure payloads and related lunar delivery services 10 10 Resource Prospector (RP) Overview Mission: • Characterize the nature and distribution of water/volatiles in lunar polar sub-surface materials • Demonstrate ISRU processing of lunar regolith 2 kilometers 100-m radius landing ellipse RP Specs: Mission Life: 6-14 earth days (extended missions being studied) Rover + Payload Mass: 300 kg Total system wet mass (on LV): 3800kg Rover Dimensions: 1.4m x 1.4m x 2m Rover Power (nom): 300W All-Wheel Steering & All-Wheel Drive Nominal speed is 10 cm/s (Prospecting) with sprint speeds of 50 cm/s Launch Vehicle: EELV or SLS 11 ISECG Science White Paper • ISECG agencies acknowledge science communities as major stakeholders and scientific knowledge gain as an important benefit of, and justification for, human exploration activities • A Science White Paper (SWP) has recently been developed by the international science community – Describes the international view of the science enabled by human exploration after ISS, as outlined in ISECG’s Global Exploration Roadmap – Tasked with considering the three destinations outlined in the GER • DSG in the lunar vicinity, Lunar surface, Asteroids – Engaged the scientific communities in identifying these opportunities – Additional community interaction and feedback provided by presenting initial science ideas at multiple major meetings • SWP incorporated interdisciplinary scientific topics: – Encompass all relevant science communities and disciplines: planetary science, space science, life sciences, astrobiology, astronomy, physical sciences, etc. 12 Science Enabled by Human Exploration • The places where humans explore, such as a DSG in the lunar vicinity, may not be the “ideal” locations for certain scientific investigations, yet the presence of humans and their associated infrastructure provides opportunities that can yield Decadal relevant science • Human Exploration permits the emplacement of scientific instruments on a scale different from what scientists/engineers typically consider. – Less mass/power/volume constrained – DSG communications capabilities could relieve pressure for other orbital and surface assets 13 13 Deep Space Gateway (DSG) Science Study • We are conducting a study to determine in more detail what high-quality science can be conducted from a DSG, and what level of resources are required – Study consists of NASA personnel from NASA centers as well as scientists from academia • Revisit the considerations addressed in the internationally