Percy Graingers's "The Warriors--Music to an Imaginary Ballet". Innovations in orchestration. The addition of the melodic percussion section as an equal force in 20th century orchestral writing Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Roscigno, John Anthony Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 14:51:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288928 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UME films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. 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Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact LJMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 PERCY GRAINGER'S THE WARRIORS - MUSIC TO AN IMAGINARY BALLET: INNOVATIONS IN ORCHESTRATION - THE ADDITION OF THE MELODIC PERCUSSION SECTION AS AN EQUAL FORCE IN 20TH CENTURY ORCHESTRAL WRITING by John Anthony Roscigno A Document Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF MUSIC AND DANCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS WITH A MAJOR IN CONDUCTING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1998 UMI Number: 9923143 UMI Microform 9923143 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 THE UNIVERSITY- OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the document prepared by John Anthony Roscigno entitled PERCY GRAINGER'S THE WARRIORS - MUSIC TO AN IMAGINARY BALLET; INNOVATIONS IN ORCHESTRATION - THE ADDITION OF THE MELODIC PERCUSSION'SECTION AS AN EQUAL FORCE IN 2DTri CENTURY ORCHESTRAL WRITING and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the requirements for the Degree of Dor,tor of Musical Arts Date Charl •Date Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this document is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the document to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this document prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the requirement. )irl«or 0 Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This document has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this document are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: 4 Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely acknowledge the following individuals without whose help and musical guidance would have made this project difficult to complete. I would like to thank Mr. Allesandro Servadei and members of the staff at the Percy Grainger Museum in Melbourne, Australia for the assistance in providing pictures of some of Grainger's instruments. In addition Mr. Servadei's revised edition of The Warriors in a full score format served as an invaluable source for me in truly understanding the details and extent by which Grainger orchestrated for the keyboard section. I would like to thank the many private teachers I've had in instrumental music. My teachers in piano, percussion and conducting have provided me with the background that made this paper and lecture possible. I thank percussion teachers Gary Cook and Tom Siwe, piano teachers Nicholas Zumbro and William Landolfi, and conductors Ed Meier, George Ploska, James Keene, Leonard Pearlman and Akira Endo. I am appreciative of the following publishers who have allowed the use of excerpts from scores that have been used in this project: Boosey & Hawkes Inc., G. Shirmer, Alphonse Leduc, Theodore Presser Co., European American Music and Allesandro Servadei. A special thank you to my conmiittee members Jeff Showell, Gregg Hanson and Charles Roe for their assistance and guidance in the completion of this project, and to Sam Driggers, Anne Patterson and Gilbert Baker for their support. In addition, I would like to acknowledge Thomas Burritt and the percussion program at the University of Central Arkansas for making this performance of The Warriors possible. My deep gratitude goes to the Conway Civic Orchestra Board of Directors and the Conway Civic Orchestra for allowing the completion of this project through a performance of The Warriors. ) 5 Dedication This project is dedicated to my family for always supporting me in music throughout my life. To Vinnie, Susan, Linda and Peter for all of their support as I was growing musically. To my wife Amy and son Andrew for helping me in the past five years to attain this goal. To my mother and father who together shaped my career as a musician and supported all that I have done. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 8 LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES 9 ABSTRACT 10 CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTATION IN THE ORCHESTRA PRIOR TO GRAINGER'S THE WARRIORS 11 CHAPTER n. THE HISTORY AND USE OF MELODIC PERCUSSION IN ART MUSIC PRIOR TO THE WARRIORS 16 1. The Glockenspiel 17 2. The Xylophone 20 3. The Marimba 22 4. The Vibraphone or Steel Marimba 25 5. The Tubular Bells and the Staff BeUs 28 6. Additional Tuned Percussion 29 7. The Celesta 30 8. The Orchestral Piano 31 CHAPTER m. PRELUDE TO THE WARRIORS 1. The Lack of Recognition and Overlooking of Percy Grainger 38 2. In Praise of Grainger's Innovative Percussion Writing 47 3. Grainger's Influences 52 4. Grainger's Philosophy on Orchestrating for the "Tuneful Percussion" 55 5. Grainger's Preface to The Warriors and the FiiU Score Edition by AUesandro Servadei.... 59 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER IV. SCORING FOR THE TUNEFUL PERCUSSION, PIANO AND CELESTE IN THE WARRIORS 68 CHAPTER V. THE NEW ORCHESTRAL FAJVDLY IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING THE WARRIORS 84 1. Carl Orff 86 2. Olivier Messiaen 91 CHAPTER VI. 1970-2000 AND THE ORCHESTRA OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 102 REFERENCES 112 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Grainger's Instrumentation and the Current Equivalent 33 Table 2. Historical Timetable of the Orchestral Use of Keyboard Percussion, Piano, and Celesta 34-37 Table 3. References made to Percy Grainger in Text Books on Orchestration and the History of the Orchestra 45-46 Table 4. Percy Grainger's The Warriors: Tuneful Percussion Assignments, Grainger's Mallet Notations and Roscigno's Mallet Recommendations 67 Table 5. Grainger's Tuneful Percussion Scoring for The Warriors 69-74 Table 6. Carl OrfPs Instrumentation for Catulli Carmina 87 Table 7. Carl Org's Instrumentation for Antigonae 89 Table 8. Keyboard Requirements for Selected works of Oliver Messiaen 93-94 Table 9. Messiaen's Instrumentation for Turangaliln Symplinnv 95 Table 10. Messiaen's Instrumentation for Chronochromie 97 Table 11. A Sampling ofLate 20th Century Orchestral Works Using Large Keyboard Sections 105-107 9 LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES PERCY GRAINGER: THE WARRIORS COMPRESSED AND FULL SCORE SAMPLES Example a. - Measures 124 - 125 75 Example b. - Measure 334 76 Example c. - Measures 196 - 199 77-78 Example d. - Measirres 220 - 223 79-80 Example e. - Measures 44 - 46 81-82 CARL ORFF - FULL SCORE SAMPLES Example a. - Music from Orffs Catulli Carmina 88 Example b. - Music from Orffs Antigonae 90 OLIVIER MESSIAEN - FULL SCORE SAMPLES Example a - Music from Messiaen's Turanealila Symphony 96 Example b. - Music from Messiaen's Chronochromie 98 Example c. - Music from Messiaen's .Sfint HfliTrai 98 Example d. - Music from Messiaen's Colors of the Celestial Citv 99 MUSICAL EXAMPLES FROM THE LATE 20th CENTURY Example a. - Michael Tippett Symphony No. 3 108 Example b. - David del Tredici An Alice Symphony 109 Example c. - John Adams Harmonielehre 110 Example d. - Steve Reich The Fotur Sections Ill 10 ABSTRACT The objective of this document is to provide information on Percy Grainger's innovations in writing for what Grainger himself described as "tuneful percussion" in his orchestral work The Warriors.