Chapter Six Liberal Civil Society and Culture: Socio-Cultural Liberalism Liberalism and Civil Society As hinted before, liberalism tends to create and pro- mote civil society. Historically, civil society has been primarily the creation and project of liberalism or liberal modernity, especially the Enlightenment. As Spencer remarks, liberalism created and promoted civil society in that it “diminished compulsory co-operation throughout social life and increased voluntary cooperation [i.e.] diminished the range of governmental authority, and increased the area within which each citizen may act unchecked”. This is also what Veblen implies by identifying what he describes as the “liberal construction of the prin- ciples of self-direction and equality among men in their civil capacity and their personal relations”. As contemporary sociologists point out, civil soci- ety originally developed as the “sphere of private autonomy” during classical liberalism – i.e. liberal capitalism in the 18th–19th centuries – by separating and emancipating from the state or “public author- ity”, as the crucial moment of the “modernization process” (Habermas et al. 1998: 109) in the Western world. In short, liberalism creates and promotes civil society as a non-political sphere of freedom 474 • Chapter Six Table 8 Elements of Liberal Civil Society Enlightenment project Social non-political liberty Economic and non-economic liberties Individual and group liberties, rights and identities The “dark side” of liberal civil society anti-liberal deformations and intrusions to complement, reinforce, or help establish liberal democracy as a political system. This yields the concept and reality of liberal civil society, by analogy to liberal democracy or politics. In particular, liberal civil society, like democracy, has been the original project, creation and legacy of the Enlightenment as the foundation of lib- eralism. Thus, contemporary analysts stress that for the “liberal Enlighten- ment thinkers, it was against [a] kind of proclaimed public authority of the absolute monarchy that the emerging civil society counteracted. Absolutism proclaimed a state-centered view of the constitution of political community whereas Enlightenment liberalism rejected it”1 (Ku 2000: 219). In this respect, with its dichotomy between public/state/political and private/market/civil society Enlightenment liberalism represented the relativist “ ip side” of pre- liberal, including medieval as well as Roman, absolutism (Ku 2000: 221). In addition to being an Enlightenment project, creation and legacy, liberal civil society’s elements involve social non-political liberty in general, in par- ticular economic and non-economic freedoms, individual and group liberties, rights and identities, as well as a “dark side” of anti-liberal deformations and intrusions, considered next in this order (Table 8). 1 Ku (2000: 219) adds that the Enlightenment thinkers “identi ed the capitalist market as playing an essential part in the formation of such a civil society – a com- munity that was capable of organizing itself independent of the speci c direction of state power.” Also, it is suggested that since the public “signi es a domain of citizen- ship attached to both state and civil society [one should abandon] the Enlightenment dichotomy between public/state and private/market/civil society” (Ku 2000: 227)..