fountain pen ✻ framing framing foxing a A yellowish or brownish stain that appears on papers, caused by molds that grow b under damp conditions and also by the rusting of microscopic bits of iron in the c paper. Conservators use a variety of treat- d ments to eliminate these stains. e frame, metal A picture frame made usually of aluminum f and given a variety of metallic or painted Fountain pen finishes. See framing. g or artifacts (objects made by humans). frame spacer h Found objects are often incorporated by In framing, a strip of material, such as plas- artists into assemblages and collages. tic, that separates a picture from the glass. Frame: metal Framer’s points i Here is a typical metal frame with a mat and picture in place. Here is a point driver tool in position to “shoot” a point into the Also called insert. See illustration under framing. Alongside the assembled frame is the back of another showing the wood frame. Lying alongside the driver are individual points and a fountain pen j kind of hardware usually used for assembly. All that’s needed to cartridge of points—the cartridge is loaded into the tool in the A writing pen with a built-in ink reservoir frame, wood put together such a frame is a screwdriver. same way you load staples into a stapler. k that delivers ink continuously to the nib, or A picture frame made primarily of wood, writing tip. Although there had been other sometimes painted, stained or otherwise l attempts at designing a workable fountain decorated and sometimes with a liner, typ- pen, the first practical one was produced in ically of wood covered with linen. m 1884 by an American inventor named L.E. Waterman. Fountain pens are perfectly framer’s points n suitable for artistic work, provided care is Flat, pointed pieces of metal used to secure taken to fill them with permanent inks. a picture in a wooden frame. They are driv- o en in mechanically with a tool called a Fourdrinier machine /for druh neer/ point driver that operates similarly to a sta- p [usually capitalized] ple gun. q A high-speed papermaking machine named for two brothers who directed its framer’s tape r development in 1807. Their machine was Tape with a strong adhesive and a plastic, based on an earlier one patented by cloth or paper backing used to attach s Nicholas-Louis Robert in France in 1798. works on paper to mat boards or backings. Paper made on this machine is the least While such tapes are reasonably long-last- t expensive of the three types of paper: ing, only a few (e.g., Lineco brand archival Framer’s tape Frame: wood handmade (made one sheet at a time by gummed paper tape) are advertised as A typical way of attaching a print, a watercolor or a drawing to the A typical stained wood frame with a linen-covered inner liner. u hand); mouldmade (made on a cylinder archival. Conservators prefer the use of rear of a mat. Another way is to attach the artwork to the backing rather than to the mat. In either case, archival-quality tape should machine that simulates the handmade hinges made from acid-free rice papers v be used. process); and machine-made (made on a and pH-neutral wheat paste or other pH- Fourdrinier machine). Machine-made neutral adhesives. w paper is less strong than the others, and its x surface texture is more mechanical and framing generally less appealing to the artist. See Enclosing a work of art, especially two- y papermaking. dimensional art, to protect it and enhance z 166 167 fountain pen ✻ framing framing foxing a A yellowish or brownish stain that appears on papers, caused by molds that grow b under damp conditions and also by the rusting of microscopic bits of iron in the c paper. Conservators use a variety of treat- d ments to eliminate these stains. e frame, metal A picture frame made usually of aluminum f and given a variety of metallic or painted Fountain pen finishes. See framing. g or artifacts (objects made by humans). frame spacer h Found objects are often incorporated by In framing, a strip of material, such as plas- artists into assemblages and collages. tic, that separates a picture from the glass. Frame: metal Framer’s points i Here is a typical metal frame with a mat and picture in place. Here is a point driver tool in position to “shoot” a point into the Also called insert. See illustration under framing. Alongside the assembled frame is the back of another showing the wood frame. Lying alongside the driver are individual points and a fountain pen j kind of hardware usually used for assembly. All that’s needed to cartridge of points—the cartridge is loaded into the tool in the A writing pen with a built-in ink reservoir frame, wood put together such a frame is a screwdriver. same way you load staples into a stapler. k that delivers ink continuously to the nib, or A picture frame made primarily of wood, writing tip. Although there had been other sometimes painted, stained or otherwise l attempts at designing a workable fountain decorated and sometimes with a liner, typ- pen, the first practical one was produced in ically of wood covered with linen. m 1884 by an American inventor named L.E. Waterman. Fountain pens are perfectly framer’s points n suitable for artistic work, provided care is Flat, pointed pieces of metal used to secure taken to fill them with permanent inks. a picture in a wooden frame. They are driv- o en in mechanically with a tool called a Fourdrinier machine /for druh neer/ point driver that operates similarly to a sta- p [usually capitalized] ple gun. q A high-speed papermaking machine named for two brothers who directed its framer’s tape r development in 1807. Their machine was Tape with a strong adhesive and a plastic, based on an earlier one patented by cloth or paper backing used to attach s Nicholas-Louis Robert in France in 1798. works on paper to mat boards or backings. Paper made on this machine is the least While such tapes are reasonably long-last- t expensive of the three types of paper: ing, only a few (e.g., Lineco brand archival Framer’s tape Frame: wood handmade (made one sheet at a time by gummed paper tape) are advertised as A typical way of attaching a print, a watercolor or a drawing to the A typical stained wood frame with a linen-covered inner liner. u hand); mouldmade (made on a cylinder archival. Conservators prefer the use of rear of a mat. Another way is to attach the artwork to the backing rather than to the mat. In either case, archival-quality tape should machine that simulates the handmade hinges made from acid-free rice papers v be used. process); and machine-made (made on a and pH-neutral wheat paste or other pH- Fourdrinier machine). Machine-made neutral adhesives. w paper is less strong than the others, and its x surface texture is more mechanical and framing generally less appealing to the artist. See Enclosing a work of art, especially two- y papermaking. dimensional art, to protect it and enhance z 166 167 framing framing a metal frame b spring clips c wood frame wood frame d linen liner e Plexiglas box mat f collage or picture on canvas assemblage g glass backing foamboard spacer h picture picture i backing cardboard backing glass j k l m hole for air to n circulate (optional) o backing trough for particles p q mat r s t u v Framing Framing Framing Framing w A collage, assemblage or paper sculpture can be protect- One type of frame for watercolors or other art on paper. A A common method for framing work on canvas. One way to frame a pastel or charcoal picture. Loosened ed under a plastic box. This arrangement solves the prob- wood frame may be substituted for the metal one shown particles of color fall into the trough, out of sight. x lem of dusting the art. here. y z 168 169 framing framing a metal frame b spring clips c wood frame wood frame d linen liner e Plexiglas box mat f collage or picture on canvas assemblage g glass backing foamboard spacer h picture picture i backing cardboard backing glass j k l m hole for air to n circulate (optional) o backing trough for particles p q mat r s t u v Framing Framing Framing Framing w A collage, assemblage or paper sculpture can be protect- One type of frame for watercolors or other art on paper. A A common method for framing work on canvas. One way to frame a pastel or charcoal picture. Loosened ed under a plastic box. This arrangement solves the prob- wood frame may be substituted for the metal one shown particles of color fall into the trough, out of sight. x lem of dusting the art. here. y z 168 169 framing a scene French chalk ✻ fresco fresh plaster (intonaco) ready for painting drawing on dry plastered wall a b c d e f g h i j Framing a scene k its appearance. Modern frames are made By adjusting a pair of simple right-angle pieces of card- board, you can select the part of a scene you want to of many materials, including wood, alu- Fresco l concentrate on.