Biology 403, spring 2004, note-sheet for third midterm Energy associated with protonmotive force: ΔG = ΔGchem + ΔGelec = -2.303nRT(pHin - pHout) + zFΔψ Protonmotive force: Δp = ΔG/(nF) = Δψ - 2.303RTΔpH / F Glycolysis, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, and Citric Acid Cycle: Reactants Products Enzyme Glucose,ATP G-6-P, ADP, H+ hexokinase G-6-P F-6-P Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase F-6-P,ATP F-1,6-diP,ADP,H+ phosphofructokinase-1 F-1,6-bisP DHAP, Glycald-3-P aldolase DHAP Glycald-3-P Triosephosphate Isomerase + + Glycald-3-P, NAD ,Pi 1,3-bis-P-glycerate,NADH,H Glycald-3P dehydrogenase 1,3-bis-P-glycerate,ADP 3-P-glycerate,ATP phosphoglycerate kinase 3-P-glycerate 2-P-glycerate phosphoglycerate mutase 2-P-glycerate PEP + H2O enolase PEP,ADP,H+ pyruvate, ATP pyruvate kinase + + Pyruvate, HS-CoA, NAD CO2,NADH,H ,Acetyl CoA pyruvate dehydrogenase acetyl CoA,oxalacetate,H2O citrate citrate synthase citrate isocitrate aconitase isocitrate,NAD+ α-k-glutarate,NADH,CO2 isoictrate dehydrogenase α-k-glutarate, HS-CoA,NAD+ succinyl CoA,NADH,CO2 α-k-glutarate dehydrogenase succinyl CoA,GDP,Pi succinate,GTP,HS-CoA succinyl CoA synthase Succinate,Q fumarate,QH2 succinate dehydrogenase fumarate,H2O L-malate fumarate hydratase L-malate,NAD+ oxaloacetate,NADH,H+ malate dehydrogenase Reactions unique to gluconeogenesis: Reactants Products Enzyme - Pyruvate, HCO3 ,ATP oxaloacetate+ADP+Pi pyruvate carboxylase oxaloacetate,GTP PEP+GDP+CO2 PEP carboxykinase F-1,6-P F-6-P+Pi F-1,6-bisphosphatase G-6-P glucose + Pi glucose 6-phosphatase Redox Complexes in the Electron Transport Chain: Complex ΔEo', V ΔGo', kJ/mol Complex ΔEo', V ΔGo', kJ/mol I (NADH/Q) +0.36 -70 II (Succinate/Q) +0.01 -2 III (QH2/cyto C) +0.19 -37 IV (Cyto C/O2 +0.59 -110 Lipoproteins: Property Chylomicrons VLDLs IDLs LDLs HDLs MW*10-6 >400 10-80 5-10 2.3 0.18-0.36 Density, g cm-3 <0.95 0.95-1.006 1.006-1.019 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.210 % Protein 2 10 18 25 33 % Triacylglycerol 85 50 31 10 8 % Cholesterol 4 22 29 45 30 % Phospholipid 9 18 22 20 29 Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids: Reactants Products Enzyme 2 Fatty acyl CoA, FAD trans-Δ -Enoyl CoA, FADH2 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3+ 2+ FADH2,Fe-S FAD,Fe-S Electron-transferring flavoprotein 2+ 3+ Fe-S ,Q Fe-S , QH2 ETF:ubiquinone reductase 2 trans-Δ -Enoyl CoA,H2O L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA Enoyl-CoA hydratase L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA, NAD+ 3-ketoacyl CoA,NADH,H+ L-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase acetyl CoA, 3-ketoacyl CoA,HS-CoA thiolase shortened fatty acyl CoA Comparison of fatty acid oxidation and synthesis in mammals: Property oxidation synthesis localization mitochondria, peroxisomes cytosol acyl carrier CoA acyl carrier protein carbon units C2 C2 acceptor / donor CoA (C2) malonyl CoA (evolves CO2) mobile redox cofactors NAD+, ETF, Q NADPH enzyme organization separate enzymes multifunctional enzyme.