28393_CoverwithSpine.qxd 10/15/07 12:04 PM Page C1 LIVEABLE CITIES United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) THE BENEFITS OF P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi 00100 Kenya Tel: (+254) 20 7623287 URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL Fax: (+254) 20 7624309 [email protected] PLANNING www.unep.org City Hall, West Tower, 16th Floor 100 Queen St. West Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N2 Canada Tel: +1-416/392-1462 Fax: +1-416/392-1478 [email protected] www.iclei.org 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: (202) 473-9233 Fax: (202) 522-3224 [email protected] www.citiesalliance.org LIVEABLE CITIES THE BENEFITS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING A Cities Alliance Study on Good Practices and Useful Tools 10743-00_FM.qxd 10/11/07 4:13 PM Page ii © The Cities Alliance, 2007 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. http://www.citiesalliance.org/index.html All rights reserved First printing, October 2007 The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce whole or portions of it should be directed to the Communications Unit of the Cities Alliance Secretariat at the above address. The Cities Alliance encourages the active dissemination of its knowledge. Permission to disseminate will normally be granted promptly and, when reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking for a fee. Cover Photo: Aerial View of the city of Bangkok at dusk—a large metropolis coping with the effects of population growth and its impact on the local environment. Photographer: © Mike Kemp/Corbis Design: Circle Graphics, Inc. Printing: York Graphic Services 10743-00_FM.qxd 10/11/07 4:13 PM Page iii CONTENTS FOREWORD . xi ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS. xiii ACRONYMS . xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. xvii SECTION ONE CITIES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT Urban Life—The Face of the Future. 1 The Environment: An Essential Asset for Cities . 3 Internal City-Environment Interactions . 7 The Health-Environment-Poverty Nexus . 7 Population Most at Risk . 8 Environmental Health Risks and Hazards. 9 Local Governments and the Urban Environment . 11 Integrating Environmental Considerations into Urban Planning: The Advantages. 12 SECTION TWO HOW TO INTEGRATE THE ENVIRONMENT IN URBAN PLANNING STRATEGIES Entry Levels. 19 Barriers to Integration . 20 Instruments for Environmental Integration: An Overview . 20 Policy Instruments . 20 iii 10743-00_FM.qxd 10/11/07 4:13 PM Page iv Information Instruments . 20 Voluntary Instruments. 21 Economic Instruments. 21 Regulatory Instruments . 23 Process Instruments . 24 Visioning . 24 Baseline Studies . 26 Participatory Methods. 26 Planning Instruments . 27 Environmental Profiles . 27 SWOT Analysis. 28 Rapid Ecological Footprint Assessment . 28 Monitoring Systems and Indicators . 29 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) . 29 Other Planning Instruments . 30 Management Instruments . 30 Environmental Budgets and Audits . 30 Other Environmental Management Instruments . 30 SECTION THREE SOME EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATION 1. Integrated Development Planning (IDP). 33 2. City Development Strategies (CDS) . 35 3. Eco City Planning . 36 4. ecoBUDGET© . 39 5. Strategic Environmental Assessment . 40 SECTION FOUR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions . 45 Recommendations for International Financing Partners. 46 Recommendations for Mayors and City Planners . 46 Contents iv 10743-00_FM.qxd 10/11/07 4:13 PM Page v ANNEX ONE CASE STUDIES Alexandria Governorate, Egypt . 51 Why this Case Study is Important . 51 Urban Context . 51 Urban Management Approach . 52 Case Study. 52 Environment Entry Point . 54 Results. 55 Lessons Learned . 55 Replicability . 55 Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. 57 Why this Case Study is Important . 57 Urban Context . 57 Urban Management Approach . 58 Case Study. 58 Environment Entry Point . 60 Results. 60 Replicability . 60 Municipality of Bayamo, Republic of Cuba . 61 Why this Case Study is Important . 61 Urban Context . 61 Urban Management Approach . 62 Case Study. 62 Environment Entry Point . 64 Results. 65 Lessons Learned . 66 Replicability . 66 Bohol Province, the Philippines . 68 Why this Case Study is Important . 68 Urban Context . 68 Urban Management Approach . 69 Case Study. 69 Environment Entry Point . 70 Results. 71 Lessons Learned . 71 Replicability . ..