STUDY OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF JALPAIGUW TOWN THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PIDLOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHY AND APPLIED GEOGRAPHY IN THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL. BY DIPANJANA CHAiOtABORTY UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROFESSOR M.M.JANA, U.G.C EMERITUS FELLOW DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND APPLIED GEOGRAPHY, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL 2007 oS9Z TV9902 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND APPUED GEOGRAPHY P.O. North Brngal University, l^ja Rammohunpur, Dt Daijeehig, West Bengal, India, Pln-734013 4P^/ n/HnJlf (T^m^ I Mta I Ph.: 0353-2699111(0) P.aDipiRS.Ap(fcalion)F.G.S.I.,(CaL),F.I.N.CA,FAA.G.{USA) BBBW Mobile-094340^487 gjjwjj^r^wr^of Gwflraphy & Applied GeoBraph, SB Email: m_miana©hotmail.com TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN I am pleased to certify that Sm. Dipanjana Chakraborty is known to me for the last seven years as a student and thereafter as a research Scholar. She worked under me for her Ph. D. Thesis on "Study of Urban Morphology and Level of Socio-economic Conditions of Jalpaiguri Town". It is an original work based on primary and secondary data those were collected through field survey. She is sincere and methodical in her work. She bears good moral character. I wish her success in her future life 5~- 73- <r?= Date: 5.10.2007 (Prof. M. M. Jana) Supervisor I would like to express my gratitude to my honourable teacher and guide Professor M.M. Jana, U.G.C Emeritus Fellow, Department of geography, university of North Bengal, India, who offered perennial help and guidance to me at every stage by his stimulating supervision, and valuable comments. It would have been quite impossible to complete my thesis without his expert guidance and co-operation. My sincere thanks to my teachers at the Department of Geography & Applied Geography University Of North Bengal. I am greatful to different organization and officials for their co-operation at the time collecting data and informations. ' I am thankful to the staff of Jalpaiguri MuJnicipality for providing me necessary informations regarding my study. I am greatful to various Departments of government of west Bengal (Department of Health, Education, Industry, District Development And planning, Department) for their help at the time of field work. Thanks are due to the staffs of the Central Library of the University of North Bengal non-teaching staffs of the Department of geography And Applied Geography for their support and help in locating the exact sources of informations, which were necessary for the preparation of this work. I cannot forget to acknowledge my mother arid my friend as they encourage and gave me assistance support. I am thankful to them those helped me to prepare this paper by typing, making illustrations in computer. Thanks due to LC.S.S.R, New Delhi, to support financially by giving me partial assistance to complete my Ph.D. Thesis. Department Of Geography & Applied Geography University Of North Bengal Date: 5.10.2007 Name DIPANJANA CHAKRABORTY PREFACE Man a social creature, for his living existence requires some social facilities and scope for cultural activities especially when he is in an urban society. Several amenities, services are essential for the urban dwellers to satisfy some of their basic needs. In any urban center municipal authorities try to promote all types of urban amenities and utility services to residents, which is not sufficient. Jalpaiguri emerge as a Divisional Head Quarters in 1869 and was declared as a Municipal town in 1885. The town grew very rapjdly upto, but after independence the development of this become sluggish. The study seeks some basic reasons, those are responsible for its slow growth of development. The study hints to some proposals for the solution of several problems coming across the town. The study has been designed into nine chapters preceded by an 'Introduction'. The introductory part of the work is devoted to identify the location of the town, it deals with the purpose, objectives of the study and methodology used for studies and lastly the design of the thesis. Chapters I deal with the historical development of the town. In Chapter II, the relief, drainage, vegetation & climatic condition of Jalpaiguri town has been studied. Chapter III deals with population characteristics such as population structure, and its composition, its density pattern, growth etc. Literacy rate and occupational structure of the people are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter IV is devoted to the study of urban morphology and major land use pattern, their characteristics and distribution in the town have been discussed in this chapter. The changes of land use during 1992-2007, and the direction of change have also been discussed in this chapter. II In Chapter V different socio-economic amenities and their characteristics in the town, have been studies in detail with special emphasis on educational and medical institutions, trade, commerce transport & communication systems, and living conditions of the people. Chapter VI is devoted to analysis the functional and sp^ial gaps in the town with the help of statistical analysis of data collected from field survey. Chapter VII try to deal with different problems associated with land, people, infrastructural problems and environmental problems. It is followed by chapter VIII that throws some lights on the formulation of strategies for development. It also helps to examine «id analysis of the previous plans prepared by carious authorities, and recent plans, for the future development of town. In the ninth Chapter summarizing the problems and some suggestions has been mentioned for their development in future. Ill Contents ti<t'oj •j4l^5^^„|-Xp^„X-3aD^ UsfofPlftt^-TDi, C)lc.«ef)y-'Hy,Abkivv".a+iWS Page No CHAPTER I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF JALPAIGURI TOWN 1 - 5 Introduction 1 1.1 Formation of Jalpaiguri Municipality 3 1.2 Development of Jalpaiguri Town 4 CHAPTER II GEOGRAPHICAL BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY AREA 6-14 Introduction 6 2.1 Physiography 6 2.2 Geology And Soil 6 2.3 Climate 8 2.4 Drainage System 11 2.5 Vegetation 14 Conclusion > 14 CHAPTER III POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF JALPAIGURI TOWN 15-47 Introduction 15 3.1 Distribution of Population 15 3.2 Composition of Population 18 3.3 Density of Population 24 3.4 Population pressure 27 3.5 Growth of Population 29 3.6 Literacy • 32 3.7 Religious Structure 36 3.8 Family Size and Occupational Structure 36 3.9 Slum Population 42 Conclusion 47 CHAPTER IV URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND CHANGES OF LANDUSE 49-94 Introduction 4.1 Application of Models 50 4.2 Changing Morphology of The Town 54 4.3 Land uses And Their changes 55 Conclusion ' 92 CHAPTER \ ' SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE TOWN 95-146 Introduction 95 5.1 Education <i: 5.2 Health 100 5.3 Trade, Commerce & Industries 107 5.4 Financing Institution 115 5.5 Transport & Communications 117 IV 5.6 Housing & Living Condition of Tlie People 128 5.7 Recreational Places Conclusion 142 Conclusion 145 CHAPTER VI SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GAPS IN THE 147-161 TOWN Introduction 147 6.1 Methodology 147 6.2 Functional Gap 148 6.3 Spatial Gap 155 Conclusion 160 CHAPTER VII IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR PROBLEMS IN THE TOWN 162-176 Introduction 162 7.1 Physical Problems 162 7.2 Demographic Problems , 163 7.3 Landuse Problems 163 7.4 Socio-Economic Problems 166 7.5 Envirorunental Problems 170 7.6 Lack Of Community Facility 174 7.7 Problems Related Slums 174 7.8 Institutional Problems 175 Conclusion 175 CHAPTER VII DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES 177-187 Introduction 177 8.1 Earlier Strategies And Their Implication 178 8.2 Impact Of The Implication Of Strategies 179 8.3 Recent Plans 184 Conclusion 186 CHAPTER IX SUGGESTED DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND CONCLUSION 188-198 9.1 Suggestions For Demographic Problems 188 9.2 Suggestions For Infrastructural Development 190 9.3 Proposals For Effective Landuse 197 List Of Tables PAGE NO. TABLE 2.1 TREND OF RAINFALL IN JALPAIGURI TOWN (FROM 1901 TO 2000). Table 2.2 MONTHLY AMOUNT OF RAINFALL AND 10 TEMPERATURE& AVERAGE HUMIDITY IN JALPAIGURI TOWN( 2005) TABLE 3.1 DISTRIBUTION OF WARDS ACCORDING TO POPULATION SIZE IN JALPAIGURI TOWN 16 TABLE 3.2 DISTRIBUTIONS OF WARDS ACCORDING TO SEX RATIO (2001) 19 TABLE 3.3 SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES AND THEIR DECADAL GROWTH IN JALPAIGURI TOWN 21 TABLE 3.4 INDEX OF CONCENTRATION OF SCHEDULED CASTE POPULATION (2001) 22 TABLE 3.5 INDEX OF CONCENTRATION OF SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION (2001) 23 TABLE: 3.6 DECADAL CHANGE OF POPULATION DENSITY OF JALPAIGURI TOWN & JALPAIGURI DISTRICT (U) 24 TABLE :- 3.7 WARD WISE DISTRIBUTION OF DENSITY IN JALPAIGURI (2001) 25 TABLE 3.8 DISTRIBUTION OF WARDS ON THE BASIS OF POPULATION PRESSURE 28 TABLE: 3.9 GROWTH OF POPULATION IN DIFFERENT DECADES IN JALPAIGURI TOWN 30 TABLE; 3.10 GROWTH OF LITERATES IN JALPAIGURI TOWN 32 TABLE 3.11 DISTRIBUTION OF WARDS ACCORDING TO ACTUAL LITERACY RATE (2001) 33 TABLE-3.12 INDEX OF CONCENTRATION OF LITERATES 34 TABLE- 3.13 WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE 38 TABLE:-3.14 NUMBERS OF WARDS IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF WORKERS IN JALPAIGURI TOWN (2001) 38 VI TABLE 3.15 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF J ALPAIGURI To WN IN 2001 40 TABLE: -3.16 EARNING MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY 41 TABLE:-3.17 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE 41 TABLE3,18 DISTRIBUTION OF WARDS ACCORDING To SLUM POPULATION SIZE IN JALPAIGURI TOWN 43 TABLE-3 .19 FAMILY SIZE IN SLUM AREA 43 TABLE- 3.20 CASTE STRUCTURE OF SLUM POPULATION 44 TABLE 4.1 TYPES OF LAND USE AND THEIR PERCENTAGE IN JALPAIGURI TOWN.