© SPIN and the author www.spinnet.eu Do not quote without A Victorian Anglican considers race and religion: the Reverend Wentworth Webster (1828-1907) and the Basque question David Hopkin In the latter part of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries, Catholic priests played a significant role in the Basque country as ‘cultivators of culture’ (to borrow Joep’s phrase). Indeed the Basque country was not dissimilar in this respect to the examples of Brittany and French Catalonia explored in this workshop by Fañch Postic, Éva Guillorel, and Francesca Zantedeschi. The man considered in this paper, Wentworth Webster, was a cleric, and he knew many of these clerical cultural activists, but he was not motivated by their desire to uphold the position of the Catholic Church and the traditionalist values with which it was associated. Nor does his case fit (or at least not comfortably) that other typology of clerical enthusiasm for vernacular culture, the missionary (as we have met him in the course of this workshop operating in Greenland or on the Dingle Peninsular). Webster was, in truth, more of a Victorian gentleman-scholar; his clerical vocation was not the primary driver of his philological and antiquarian interests. Nonetheless, his position on the ‘Basque Question’ was not unaffected by his religious orientation, as I hope to demonstrate. Introduction to Wentworth Webster and his significance Wentworth Webster was born in Uxbridge 1829 and entered Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1849. He seems to have been very much an Oxford man — many of his correspondents were at Oxford and he left most of his papers to the Bodleian. Between university and his ordination he travelled in Europe and South America. When he was ordained in 1861 it was with the express intention of exercising his ministry among the English expatriots in France. Under the Second Empire (and indeed both before and after) there was a substantial English population in the Basses-Pyrénées. It was cheap, it was supposedly a healthy climate, and there was some sort of tradition of an English presence going back 1 © SPIN and the author www.spinnet.eu Do not quote without at least to the Invasion of France in 1813. 1 Wentworth Webster settled there, ostensibly for health reasons, in the early 1860s, first at Bagnères-de-Bigorre (where he met his wife, Thekla Laura Knipping, from Cleves in Germany), then Biarritz, where he served as chaplain (the first Anglican church having been founded there in 1861 by the Colonial and Continental Church Society). He then became the Anglican chaplain at Saint-Jean de Luz from 1869 to 1882. It cannot have been a very onerous position: of the seven baptisms he performed during this period, three were for his own children. 2 He made a bit of money on the side by tutoring (one of his students was Henry Butler Clarke, the famous historian of Spain and fellow of Saint John’s Oxford; 3 another was his own son, Erwin Webster, future fellow of Wadham College, and apparently a Greek scholar destined for great things, had he not been killed at the Battle of Arras in 1917.) 4 But he certainly had the time (and the income) to indulge his personal interests. During his retirement years Webster was a well-known figure, sought out on by many British visitors to Biarritz. He dined regularly with Gladstone in the early 1890s, and Gladstone arranged for him to have a civil list pension in 1894, for his services to Basque scholarship. 5 George Gissing was another neighbour and friend in his last years. 6 Even Edward VII paid him a visit, two weeks before Webster died in 1907. 7 His reputation as a scholar was based on a quite extraordinary number of books, articles and reviews, mostly in English but he also wrote fluently in Spanish and French. He wrote a guidebook to Spain, a collection of articles on the history of the Church in France and Spain, and another about Basque culture. He wrote the entry on the Basques for the Encyclopaedia Britannica . There was an endless stream of articles on aspects of Pyrenean history, archaeology, fauna and flora, the Protestant churches of France, Carlism, contemporary developments in Catholicism, and all things Basque in the 1 Joseph Duloum, Les Anglais dans les Pyrénées et les débuts du tourisme pyrénéen (1739- 1896). (1970). 2 Thanks to the current vicar of St Andrews, the Anglican church of Pau, for supplying copies of these registers. 3 See entry for Clarke in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 4 Aristotle, Meteorologica ed. Erwin W. Webster (1923). 5 The relevant letters from the Gladstone archive in the British Library are reproduced in André Duquenne, ‘Contribution à l’étude des anglais et des americains au pays basque: bibliographie méthodique informatisée’, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour. 6 Paul Delany, George Gissing: A Life (London, 2008), p. 360. 7 In addition to Webster’s entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , see Philippe Veyrin, ‘Wentworth Webster’, Bulletin du Musée Basque 1-2 (1929); and Julio De Urquijo Ibarra, ‘Vascófilos ingleses’, Revue internationale des études basques , 25 (1935). 2 © SPIN and the author www.spinnet.eu Do not quote without Academy , the Athenaeum , the Antiquary , the Spectator , Cornhill Magazine , Chambers Magazine , Macmillan’s Magazine , the Ecclesiastical Magazine , the Journal of the Anthropological Institute , the Gypsy Lore Society Journal , the English Historical Review , the Journal of the Church Historical Society , The Foreign Church Chronicle , The Anglican Church Magazine , The Swiss Anglican Magazine , the Biarritz Parish Magazine , The Season , The Pyrenean (both English-language Biarritz publications), the Revue de Linguistique, La Réforme Sociale , La Nouvelle Revue , the Bulletin Hispanique , the Bulletin de la Société des Sciences et des Arts de Bayonne , the Bulletin de la Société des arts et des sciences de Pau , the Bulletin de la Société Ramond , Euskal Erria , and the Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia . This is by no means an exhaustive list. But the book that he is probably best known for today is Basque Legends, Collected Chiefly in the Labourd (London, 1877). I am not going to pretend that this collection of Basque oral traditions plays anything like the role of, say, the Kalevala in the Finnish cultural revival, nor that Webster was the Basque Vuk Karadžić. But it and he were not without significance in the development of Basque studies and Basque cultural awareness – hence this work is currently available in French, Spanish and Basque translations. 8 His home at Sare is honoured with a plaque placed there by a Basque cultural society. 9 And why? Because Webster provided Basques with something that they did not then have but which every self-proclaimed nation needs – a literature of its own. In the 1870s, at least on the French side of the border, there was almost no literature available in Basque except translations of religious works which originated from outside the Basque country. There was, or there was presumed to be, a distinctive Basque oral tradition, but no one had made the effort to collect it. Webster was one of the very first to do so, (his successor, Julien Vinson, called him the founder of Basque folklore studies) 10 . Thus he is a figure of some note in the history of the cultivation of culture in the Basque country. Whether that was his intention is another matter. And how ‘Basque’ his legends actually were is a subject to which I’ll return. 8 Under the titles: Légendes basques (2005); Leyendas Vascas (1993); Euskal Ipuinak (1993). 9 The plaque reads ‘To Wentworth Webster, scholar and fervent friend of the Basques.’ Thanks to Leonore Schick for supplying a photo of this plaque. 10 Julien Vinson, Le folk-lore du pays basque (1883). 3 © SPIN and the author www.spinnet.eu Do not quote without Clerics and the cultivation of national culture In general, the cultivators of national culture in nineteenth-century Europe were indigenes of the region whose traditions and language they recorded. That obviously was the case with Lönnrot and Karadžić, such also was the sitution in many of the studies offered during this workshop, in Iceland, Norway, the Faroes, Frisia, Brittany and Catalonia... And according to most theoretical models of nationalism this should indeed be the case, because only autochtones could expect to reap the political rewards of cultural activism. In nineteenth-century France, for example, the general assumption is that folklore collecting was pursued by traditional elites, aristocratic landowners and clerics, who found their position increasingly challenged within a centralizing, urbanizing and democratizing state, and so sought to carve out provincial strongholds for themselves, defined through culture (of which they were the self-appointed guardians). There are figures in the Basque nineteenth-century cultural revival to whom this model might be relevant: Webster’s Legends was dedicated to Antoine d’Abbadie, a Basque noble (in as much as there is such a thing), explorer and language scholar. A rather more convincing case might be made for the Basque Catholic clergy who were central to the defence of Basque language and culture at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. On the French side of the border one thinks of abbé Haristoy of Ciboure, abbé Etcheverri, canons Adéma and Inchauspé, and abbé Harriet (all known to Webster, some he counted as friends); on the Spanish side obvious names include Resurrección María de Azkue (first president of the Academy of the Basque Language and ‘the Pope of Basque studies’), José de Ariztimuno (the founder of the Basque youth movement Euskaltzaleak and a Basque Nationalist Party activist shot by the fascists in 1936), Manual Lekuona (a pioneer folklorist in the Spanish Basque country)..