TAXON: Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) SCORE: 3.0 RATING: Low Risk Koidz. Taxon: Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz. Family: Brassicaceae Common Name(s): Japanese horseradish Synonym(s): Cochlearia wasabi Siebold, nom. nud. wasabi Eutrema koreanum auct. nonn. Eutrema wasabi Maxim. Lunaria japonica Miq. Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum Wasabia pungens Matsum. Wasabia wasabi (Maxim.) Makino Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 26 May 2016 WRA Score: 3.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Domesticated Herb, Naturalized, Culinary, Shade-Tolerant, Rhizomatous Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 y 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 y 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 y Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Low tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 n subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 26 May 2016 (Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Page 1 of 15 Koidz.) TAXON: Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) SCORE: 3.0 RATING: Low Risk Koidz. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 26 May 2016 (Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Page 2 of 15 Koidz.) TAXON: Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) SCORE: 3.0 RATING: Low Risk Koidz. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y Source(s) Notes "Cultivars of W. japonica can produce enlarged stems 5 to 40 cm long, and 2 to 5 cm in diameter. Whole plants can weigh up to 3.4 kg Chadwick, C. I., Lumpkin, T. A., & Elberson, L. R. (1993). (Miyake et al. 1983)." ... "Japanese growers distinguish between The botany, uses and production of Wasabia japonica upland and semi-aquatic wasabi when selecting for new wasabi (Miq.) (Cruciferae) Matsum. Economic Botany, 47(2), 113- cultivars, i.e., those favoring an upland soil environment and 135 harvested primarily for a leaf and petiole product and those favoring a flooded environment and harvested primarily for an enlarged stem product." Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal "The earliest cultivation of wasabi in Japan dates back to the tenth Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, century." Dordrecht East Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (2014), "This species was domesticated in Japan and cultivated throughout Important Plants of East Asia: Plants tell stories. Korea Japanese Islands and Taiwan Islands: Russian Far East [Sakhalin National Arboretum, Pocheon Island], Japanese Archipelago [Islands], Taiwan Islands." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y Source(s) Notes Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal "A temperate species, naturalised in wet areas along streams in Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, mountains from near sea level to 2,500 m." Dordrecht 103 Does the species have weedy races? y Source(s) Notes [Regarded as invasive, but impacts unspecified. Therefore designated as a minor weed for this assessment] "The term ,invasive species͛is used in the sense of McNeely et al. (2001), meaning that Weber, E., Sun, S. G., & Li, B. (2008). Invasive alien plants they cause damage to species, habitats, or to the economy, and the in China: diversity and ecological insights. Biological same definition has been adopted in the sources given below." ... Invasions, 10(8), 1411-1429 "Appendix 1 Invasive alien plant species in China" [Eutrema wasabi listed as invasive in lakeshores, riparian habitats. Impacts unspecified] Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet Low tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal "Wasabi is native to Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East) and North China. Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, It is cultivated in China, Alisan in Taiwan, Dalat highlands in Vietnam, Dordrecht New Zealand and Tasmania in Australia." Creation Date: 26 May 2016 (Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Page 3 of 15 Koidz.) TAXON: Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) SCORE: 3.0 RATING: Low Risk Koidz. Qsn # Question Answer 202 Quality of climate match data Intermediate Source(s) Notes Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, Dordrecht 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) Source(s) Notes [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility, although primarily in areas with temperate climates. May only be able to survive at upper elevations in the tropics] "A temperate species, naturalised in wet areas along streams in Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal mountains from near sea level to 2,500 m." ... "Wasabi thrives in Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, cool, damp conditions and will sometimes grow if left undisturbed in Dordrecht misty mountain stream beds. It generally requires a climate with an air temperature between 8 and 20 °C and prefers high humidity in summer. Since it is quite intolerant of direct sunlight, wasabi is typically grown under shade cloth or beneath a natural forest canopy." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 n subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Wasabi is native to Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East) and North China. Lim, T.K. 2015. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal It is cultivated in China, Alisan in Taiwan, Dalat highlands in Vietnam, Plants. Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer, New Zealand and Tasmania in Australia." ... "A temperate species, Dordrecht naturalised in wet areas along streams in mountains from near sea level to 2,500 m." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, "Cultivated: 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Asia-Temperate Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Eastern Asia: Japan; Korea; Taiwan" [Accessed 25 May 2016] 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (eds.). Flora of China. Vol. 8 "Cultivated, also naturalized in wet areas along streams in (Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae). Science Press, mountains; near sea level to 2500 m. Taiwan [native to Japan, Korea, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis ?Russia (Far East)]." 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y Creation Date: 26 May 2016 (Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Page 4 of 15 Koidz.) TAXON: Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) SCORE: 3.0 RATING: Low Risk Koidz. Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes [Regarded as invasive, but impacts unspecified. Therefore designated as a minor weed for this assessment] "The term ,invasive species͛is used in the sense of McNeely et al. (2001), meaning that Weber, E., Sun, S. G., & Li, B. (2008). Invasive alien plants they cause damage to species, habitats, or to the economy, and the in China: diversity and ecological insights. Biological same definition has been adopted in the sources given below." ... Invasions, 10(8), 1411-1429 "Appendix 1 Invasive alien plant species in China" [Eutrema wasabi listed as invasive in lakeshores, riparian habitats.