Western-type crucifixes, Shroud of Turin, Crown of Thorns, and the revolution of 12th-14th century Statistical survey using Wikimedia Commons archives http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crucifi xes_by_century (revised and updated) Century 10th Century 10th Century 10th Feet nailed by no. 2 Feet nailed by no. 2 Feet nailed by no. 2 of nails of nails of nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Century 10th Feet nailed by no. ? of nails Which foot atop ? Century 10th Century 11th Crown of thorns No Feet nailed by no. 2 Feet nailed by no. ? of nails of nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop ? Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns ? Century 11th Century 11th Century 11th Feet nailed by no. 2 Feet nailed by no. 2 Feet nailed by no. 2 of nails of nails of nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Century 11th Century 11th Century 11th Feet nailed by no. 2 Feet nailed by no. 2 Feet nailed by no. ? of nails of nails of nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop ? Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Century 12th Century 12th Century 12th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails nails nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Century 12th Century 12th Century 12th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails nails nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Century 12th Century 12th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails nails Century 12th Which foot atop - Feet nailed by no. of 2 Which foot atop - nails Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns Yes Which foot atop - Crown of thorns ? Century 12th Century 12th Century 12th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails nails nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Century 12th Century 12th Century 12th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails nails nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns No Century 12th Century 12th Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Century 13th Century 13th Century 13th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails nails nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns Yes Century 13th Century 13th Century 13th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. ? nails nails of nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop - Which foot atop ? Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Century 13th Century 13th Century 13th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails nails nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop ? Which foot atop - Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 13th Century 13th Century 13th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails nails nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns Yes Century 13th Century 14th Century 14th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails nails nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns No Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 14th Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails Century 14th Century 14th Which foot atop Right Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails nails Crown of thorns Yes Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 14th Century 15th Century 15th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails nails nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 15th Century 15th Century 15th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails nails nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Which foot atop ? Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns ? Century 15th Century 15th Century 15th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails nails nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 16th Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails Which foot atop - Century 16th Crown of thorns No Feet nailed by no. of ? nails Note: Orthodox crucifix –not Which foot atop ? included in statistics Crown of thorns Yes Century 16th Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails Which foot atop Right Century 16th Century 16th Feet nailed by no. of ? Feet nailed by no. of 1 Crown of thorns Yes nails nails Which foot atop ? Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 16th Century 16th Century 16th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 2 nails nails nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Which foot atop - Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns No Century 16th Century 16th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 17th Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails Century 17th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Which foot atop ? nails Crown of thorns Yes Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns Yes Century 17th Century 17th Century 19th Feet nailed by no. of 1 Feet nailed by no. 2x1 Feet nailed by no. 1 nails of nails of nails Which foot atop Right Which foot atop 2xRight Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns ? Crown of thorns 2xYes Crown of thorns Yes Century 19th Century 19th Century 19th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of ? Feet nailed by no. of 1 nails nails nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop ? Which foot atop ? Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 19th Century 19th Century 19th Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. 1 nails nails of nails Which foot atop - Which foot atop - Which foot atop Left Crown of thorns ? Crown of thorns ? Crown of thorns Yes Century 19th Century 19th Century 19th Feet nailed by no. ? Feet nailed by no. of 2 Feet nailed by no. 1 of nails nails of nails Which foot atop ? Which foot atop - Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns ? Crown of thorns Yes Crown of thorns Yes Century 20th Century 19th Feet nailed by no. 1 Feet nailed by no. of 2 Century 20th of nails nails Feet nailed by no. 1 Which foot atop ? Which foot atop - of nails Crown of thorns No Which foot atop Right Crown of thorns Yes Note: Orthodox crucifix –not Crown of thorns Yes included in statistics Century # of crucifixes # with Uncertain Right foot Left foot Uncertain as to with 2 nails in 1 nail # of nails atop atop which foot atop feet 10th 4/5 0/5 1/5 0/0 0/0 0/0 11th 5/7 0/7 2/7 0/0 0/0 0/0 12th 16/17 1/17 0/17 1/1 0/1 0/1 13th 8/13 4/13 1/13 4/4 0/4 0/4 14th 0/6 6/6 0/6 6/6 0/6 0/6 15th 0/8 8/8 0/8 7/8 0/8 1/8 16th 1/9 6/9 2/9 6/6 0/6 0/6 17th 0/5 5/5 0/5 4/5 0/5 1/5 19th 4/10 4/10 2/10 2/4 1/4 1/4 20th 0/2 1/2 1/2 1/1 0/1 0/1 Total # of right atop 20/24 Total # of left atop 1/24 Table 1 Century With Without Uncertain as to crown of crown of crown of thorns thorns thorns 10th 0/5 5/5 0/5 11th 0/7 6/7 1/7 12th 2/17 14/17 1/17 13th 5/13 8/13 0/13 14th 6/6 0/6 0/6 15th 7/8 0/8 1/8 16th 8/9 1/9 0/9 17th 4/5 0/5 1/5 19th 7/10 0/10 3/10 20th 2/2 0/2 0/2 Table 2 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 % 2 nails % Right 40 40 Percentage Percentage % 1 nail % Left 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 Century Century 100 90 80 70 60 % With Crown of thorns 50 % Without Crown of thorns Percentage 40 30 20 10 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 Century The purpose of the whole thing Typical post 14th century portrayal of Jesus’ crucifixion, containing several common elements: •Nails in the palms •One nail that pierced both feet, in overwhelming majority right above the left.