ENDC PROCEEDINGS 12/2009 ■ ENGLISH SUMMARIES 3 ESTONIAN NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE CULTURAL, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES SERIES ■ SERIES EDITORS: ANDRES SAUMETS AND ALAR KILP VOLUME 1: RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MULTICULTURAL EUROPE: PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets Proceedings 12/2009 EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Andres Saumets (Estonia) EDITORIAL BOARD: Ken Kalling (Estonia) Alar Kilp (Estonia) Peeter Kukk (Estonia) Rain Liivoja (Finland) Enno Mõts (Estonia) Erik Männik (Estonia) Andreas Pawlas (Germany) Claus Freiherr von Rosen (Germany) Volker Stümke (Germany) LANGUAGE EDITORS: Reet Hendrikson (Estonia) Karen Kuldnokk (Estonia) Epp Leete (Estonia) Roy Lowthian (United Kingdom) EDITORIAL COUNCIL: Aarne Ermus (Estonia) Wilfried Gerhard (Germany) Rudolf Hamann (Germany) Jakob Kübarsepp (Estonia) Ants Laaneots (Estonia) Raul Mälk (Estonia) Ago Pajur (Estonia) Eric Allan Sibul (USA) Villu Tamul (Estonia) Peeter Tulviste (Estonia) Matti Turtola (Finland) ISSN 1736–0242 ISBN 978–9985–9513–7–8 Copyright: Estonian National Defence College, 2009 Tartu University Press www.tyk.ee CONTENTS ■ FOREWORD ............................................................................................ 9 RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MULTICULTURAL EUROPE Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets ................................................................ 13 1. Theoretical Considerations .................................................................. 18 1.1. Culture .......................................................................................... 18 1.2. Religion ........................................................................................ 20 1.3. Democracy ................................................................................... 22 2. Civilizational, Cultural and Religious Boundaries of Europe ............. 26 3. Patterns of Religion, Culture and Politics ............................................ 30 3.1. Integration of Post-communist Countries ..................................... 30 3.2. East-West Comparison ................................................................. 31 3.2.1. Secular Culture vs National Religion ........................................ 31 3.2.2. Different Levels of Cultural Secularisation ............................... 34 3.2.3. Securitization of Minority Religion........................................... 36 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 37 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 40 NATION, PEOPLE, AND RELIGION – DIMENSIONS OF MODERN SOCIETY: CONSISTENCY OR CONTRADICTION? Andreas Pawlas........................................................................................ 43 1. Renaissance of the “Kulturnation”? .................................................... 43 2. Globalisation versus Regionalisation .................................................. 45 3. Are the Roots of the Modern Nation in the Renaissance? .................. 47 4. To the Self-determination of a Nation ................................................. 49 5. The Relations between Nation, People and Religion in Germany as a Reaction to French Aggression ........................................................ 50 6. The Error of an Exaggerated Nationalism in Germany ...................... 54 7. Overcoming the National by International Treaties? ......................... 56 8. The Confusions of Nazism in Germany .............................................. 59 9. The Nation is no “Order of Creation” ................................................. 61 10. To the Theological Right of Nation and People as Expression of Real Human Moulding ....................................................................... 63 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 65 6 CONTENTS ABOUT THE BACKGROUND OF THE COMMAND TO LOVE YOUR ENEMIES IN THE SERMON OF THE MOUNT Ain Riistan ............................................................................................... 70 1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 70 2. Loving one’s enemies: what does it mean? Some answers from the Christian tradition ................................................................................ 71 3. Loving one’s enemies – what does it mean? ....................................... 74 The perspective of Biblical Studies ..................................................... 74 4. “Jesus” of the “closed text” of political realities: Robert Eisenman ... 77 5. Jesus of the “closed text” of political realities: Gerd Theissen and N. T. Wright ........................................................................................ 79 5.1. Gerd Theissen ............................................................................... 81 5.2. N. T. Wright ................................................................................. 84 6. Jesus of the “open text” of daily life: the Jesus Seminar .................... 87 7. “Jesus” of the “open text” of daily life: the Context Group ............... 90 8. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 95 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 96 THE CONCEPT OF THE THIRD ROME AND ITS POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS Alar Laats ................................................................................................. 98 1. The Romes in History.......................................................................... 99 2. The Emergence of the Doctrine of the Third Rome ........................... 102 3. The Idea of the Third Rome in the Sixteenth Century ....................... 104 4. The Content of the Doctrine of the Third Rome ................................ 107 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 111 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 113 RELIGION AND POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Wilfried Gerhard...................................................................................... 114 1. Creation Theology: On the Relationship between Natural Order and Constitutional Order ............................................................................ 116 2. Mythology of Redemption .................................................................. 117 3. Exodus Theology ................................................................................. 118 4. Covenant Theology ............................................................................. 119 4.1. Individual and Community ........................................................... 119 4.2. Past and Future ............................................................................. 120 5. Theology of Spirituality ...................................................................... 121 6. Eschatology ........................................................................................ 122 6.1. Optimistic Version ...................................................................... 123 6.2. Pessimism towards Progress ........................................................ 124 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 126 CONTENTS 7 RELIGION AND EDUCATION IN POST-COMMUNIST RUSSIA: RUSSIA’S EVOLVING CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS Perry L. Glanzer and Konstantin Petrenko ............................................ 127 1. History ................................................................................................. 129 2. Post-Communist Developments .......................................................... 131 2.1. State Schools ................................................................................ 131 3. Religion and State-Supported Higher Education ................................ 139 3.1. Private Education ......................................................................... 141 4. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 148 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 148 TERRORISM: ITS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Erik Männik ............................................................................................. 151 1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 151 2. Defining terrorism ............................................................................... 152 3. The history and occurrence of terrorism in the present day ............... 155 4. Does terrorism work? .......................................................................... 160 5. Terrorist organisations: is al-Qaeda a special case? ............................ 163 6. Global “war on terror”: a battle between structures or a conflict of thoughts and ideologies? ..................................................................... 167 7. The future: fading or escalating religious terrorism? ......................... 169 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 170 IN SEARCH OF ‘TWIN TOLERATIONS’: MODELS OF CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS IN ROMANIA Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu ........................................................