SERA TR-052-11-03a Rotenone Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment FINAL REPORT Submitted to: Paul Mistretta, COR USDA/Forest Service, Southern Region 1720 Peachtree RD, NW Atlanta, Georgia 30309 USDA Forest Service Contract: AG-3187-C-06-0010 USDA Forest Order Number: AG-43ZP-D-07-0010 SERA Internal Task No. 52-11 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Fax: (315) 637-0445 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com September 17, 2008 Table of Contents ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS ............................................................... vii COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................... ix CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ............................................................................ x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... xi Overview.................................................................................................................................... xi Program Description ................................................................................................................. xii Human Health Risk Assessment..............................................................................................xiii Hazard Identification ...........................................................................................................xiii Exposure Assessment for Human Health ............................................................................ xiv Dose-Response Assessment for Human Health.................................................................... xv Risk Characterization for Human Health Effects ................................................................ xvi Ecological Risk Assessment ................................................................................................... xvii Hazard Identification .......................................................................................................... xvii Exposure Assessment for Ecological Risk Assessment.....................................................xviii Dose-Response for Ecological Risk Assessment................................................................. xix Risk Characterization for Ecological Risk Assessment........................................................ xx 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1 2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................... 3 2.1. OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.2. CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS....................... 4 2.3. APPLICATION METHODS.............................................................................................. 6 2.4. MIXING AND APPLICATION RATES ........................................................................... 7 2.4.1. General Considerations................................................................................................. 7 2.4.2. Liquid Formulations in Ponds and Lakes ..................................................................... 8 2.4.3. Liquid Formulations in Streams and Rivers ............................................................... 10 2.4.4. Powders Formulations in Ponds and Lakes ................................................................ 12 2.4.4. Powders Formulations in Streams and Rivers ............................................................ 14 2.5. USE STATISTICS............................................................................................................ 15 3. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT............................................................................. 17 3.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION........................................................................................ 17 3.1.1. Overview.................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.2. Mechanism of Action................................................................................................. 18 3.1.3. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism ............................................................................ 19 3.1.3.1. General Considerations....................................................................................... 19 3.1.3.2. Absorption........................................................................................................... 20 3.1.3.3. Excretion............................................................................................................. 22 3.1.4. Acute Oral Toxicity ................................................................................................... 22 3.1.5. Subchronic or Chronic Systemic Toxic Effects......................................................... 24 3.1.6. Effects on Nervous System........................................................................................ 25 3.1.7. Effects on Immune System ........................................................................................ 27 3.1.8. Effects on Endocrine System..................................................................................... 28 3.1.9. Reproductive and Teratogenic Effects....................................................................... 29 ii 3.1.9.1. Developmental (Teratology) Studies ................................................................... 29 3.1.9.2. Reproduction Studies........................................................................................... 30 3.1.9.3. Target Organ Toxicity.......................................................................................... 31 3.1.10. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity........................................................................... 31 3.1.11. Irritation and Sensitization (Effects on the Skin and Eyes) ..................................... 32 3.1.11.1. Skin Irritation..................................................................................................... 32 3.1.11.2. Skin Sensitization............................................................................................... 32 3.1.11.3. Ocular Effects .................................................................................................... 32 3.1.12. Systemic Toxic Effects from Dermal Exposure ...................................................... 33 3.1.13. Inhalation Exposure ................................................................................................. 33 3.1.14. Inerts and Adjuvants ................................................................................................ 33 3.1.14.1. Inerts .................................................................................................................. 33 3.1.14.2. Adjuvants ........................................................................................................... 38 3.1.15. Impurities, Metabolites, and Contaminants .............................................................. 39 3.1.15.1. Metabolites......................................................................................................... 39 3.1.15.2. Impurities ........................................................................................................... 39 3.1.15.3. Contaminants ..................................................................................................... 41 3.1.16. Toxicological Interactions ....................................................................................... 42 3.1.16.1. In Vivo Interactions ........................................................................................... 42 3.1.16.2. Detoxification with Potassium Permanganate ................................................... 43 3.1.16.3. Manganese Concentrations in Water ................................................................. 45 3.1.17. Impact of Impurities and Adjuvants ......................................................................... 46 3.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................... 51 3.2.1. Overview.................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.2. Workers...................................................................................................................... 52 3.2.2.1. General Exposures .............................................................................................. 52 3.2.2.2. Accidental Exposures.......................................................................................... 55 3.2.3. General Public............................................................................................................ 56 3.2.3.1. General Considerations........................................................................................ 56 3.2.3.2. Direct Spray ........................................................................................................ 58 3.2.3.3. Dermal Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation.............................................. 58 3.2.3.4. Contaminated Water ...........................................................................................