ATTACHMENT J Thermal Imaging of the Waccasassa Bay Preserve: Image Acquisition and Processing By Ellen A. Raabe and Elzbieta Bialkowska-Jelinska SUBMITTED BY DAN HILLIARD Prepared in cooperation with Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park and Florida Springs Initiative Thermal Imaging of the Waccasassa Bay Preserve: Image Acquisition and Processing By Ellen A. Raabe and Elzbieta Bialkowska-Jelinska Open-File Report 2010–1120 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Prepared in cooperation with Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park and Florida Springs Initiative Thermal Imaging of the Waccasassa Bay Preserve: Image Acquisition and Processing By Ellen A. Raabe and Elzbieta Bialkowska-Jelinska Open-File Report 2010–1120 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey ii U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2010 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Raabe, E.A. and Bialkowska-Jelinska, E., 2010, Thermal Imaging of the Waccasassa Bay Preserve: image acquisition and processing: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2010-1120, 69 p. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. iii Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Background ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Study Area ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Geology and Hydrologic Framework .......................................................................................................................... 4 Application of Thermal Infrared Imagery in Landscape Analysis ................................................................................ 9 Diurnal Energy Fluctuation ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Data Acquisition ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 Weather and Climatic Conditions during Data Acquisition ....................................................................................... 13 Temperature, Precipitation, and Wind .................................................................................................................. 13 Regional Hydrologic Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 14 Tides .................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Methods ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Data Processing ....................................................................................................................................................... 22 Method Testing ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 Zones ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Levels 1-4 ................................................................................................................................................................ 24 Temperature-Anomaly Locations and Trend ............................................................................................................ 25 Site Density and Dispersal ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Comparison of 2009 and 2005 TIR Imagery ............................................................................................................ 26 Results ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Zones and Feature Levels ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Temperature-Anomaly Location and Directional Trend ............................................................................................ 32 Site Density and Dispersal ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Comparison with March 2005 Imagery ..................................................................................................................... 32 Field Reconnaissance ................................................................................................................................................. 40 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Feature Omission ..................................................................................................................................................... 41 Diurnal Cycle Revisited ............................................................................................................................................ 43 Lukens Creek ....................................................................................................................................................... 43 Cedar Key ............................................................................................................................................................ 44 Thermal Infrared Versus Field Reconnaissance ...................................................................................................... 50 Jacks Creek .......................................................................................................................................................... 50 Excavation Pits ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 Beetree Slough ..................................................................................................................................................... 60 Influence of Underlying Geology .............................................................................................................................. 63 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................................ 66 Products ...................................................................................................................................................................... 67 References Cited ......................................................................................................................................................... 67 iv Figures Figure 1. Waccasassa Bay Preserve thermal-imaging study area and surrounding region. ........................... 5 Figure 2. Study area showing relative location of springs, faults, and fracture lines. ................................................... 6 Figure 3. Photo showing limestone fractures and surface dissolution in WBPSP near Kelly Creek. ............................ 7 Figure 4. Photo showing rolling limestone plain and log debris in eastern region of WBPSP. ..................................... 8 Figure 5. Diurnal cycle of heating and cooling (adapted from Drury, 2001, used with permission). ........................... 11 Figure 6. SRWMD rainfall record, March 2008-March 2009, showing March 2009 highlighted in blue. ..................... 15 Figure 7. Usher Tower rainfall record 1982-2008. ...................................................................................................... 16 Figure 8. River discharge: a. Suwannee at Wilcox, b. Waccasassa at Gulf Hammock, c. Withlacoochee at Holder ........... 17-15 Figure 9. Groundwater levels in USGS observation wells: a.